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Anatomy And Physiology > Cardiovascular System 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

All events associated with 1 heartbeat. Normally 2 atria contract while 2 ventricles relax, then 2 ventricles contract while 2 atria relax

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2
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Contract

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3
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relax

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4
Q

When does ventricular and atrial diastole occur?

A

After T-wave. When ventricular presssdrops bellow atrial and AV valves open then ventricular filling occurs

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5
Q

When does atrial systole and ventricular diastole occur?

A

After P-wave and ventricle finishes filling

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6
Q

When does ventricular systole and atria diastole occur?

A

After QRS where pressure pushes AV valves closed and semilunar valves open and ejection occurs. Ejection happens until ventricle relaxes enough for arterial pressure to close semilunar valves

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7
Q

What are the 4 heart sounds hears through a stethoscope and what are the 2 loudest?

A

S1= lube louder, longer, closure of AV valves soon after ventricular systole
S2= dupp quieter, shorter closure of semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole
S3= rapid ventricular filling
S4= atrial contraction
S1+2 are loudest

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8
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Abnormal sound (rushing/gurgling) before, between, after or masking normal sounds

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9
Q

What can heart murmur indicate?

A

Valve disorder eg. Mitral/ aortic stenosis (narrowing) or mitral valve prolapse- protrudes into L atrium during ventricular contraction

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10
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood ejected from L or R ventricle into aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute

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11
Q

What is CO?

A 
Stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by ventricle with each contraction in ml/beat) X heart rate (beats/min) 
Measured in ml/min
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12
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Ratio between max CO and rest CO

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13
Q

What is cardiac reserve for average person, top endurance athlete and someone with severe heart disease?

A

4-5x for normal person
7-8x for top endurance athlete
None for someone with severe heart disease

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14
Q

What are 3 important factors in regulation of stroke volume?

A

Preload (degree of stretch), contractility and afterload (pressure to eject ventricular blood)

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15
Q

What happens to CO during exercise?

A

It rises to supply working tissues with more oxygen and nutrients

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16
Q

What can cause stroke volume to fall?

A

If ventricular myocardium is damaged or if blood volume is reduced by bleeding

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17
Q

What are the most important factors in regulation of heart rate?

A

Autonomic NS and hormones released by adrenal medullae (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

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18
Q

Where does autonomic regulation of heart rate originate from?

A

Cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata

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19
Q

Where do the nerve impulses that input into CV centre come from?

A

Higher brain centres (hypothalamus) or from sensory receptors (proprioceptors, chemoreceptors or baroreceptors)

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20
Q

What does an altered frequency of nerve impulses increasing depolarisation in SA node lead to?

A

Increased heart rate

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21
Q

What does an increased contractility of atrial and ventricles lead to?

A

Increased stroke volume

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22
Q

When are hormones that regulate heart rate released?

A

With exercise, stress and excitement

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23
Q

What are some hormones that increase heart rate and contractility?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroid hormones

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24
Q

What does an increase in K and Na lead to?

A

Decrease heart contraction and heart rate

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25
Q

What does a high concentration of Na lead to?

A

Blocks Ca influx during cardiac AP so contraction decreased

26
Q

What does a high concentration of K do?

A

Blocks generation of action potential

27
Q

What does an increase of Ca lead to?

A

Speeds heart rate and strengthens heart

28
Q

What are other factors regulating heart rate?

A

Age, gender (female HR > male HR), physical fitness and bday temperature (>temperature > HR)

29
Q

What is shock?

A

Failure of CV system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

30
Q

When are hormones that regulate heart rate released?

A

With exercise, stress and excitement

31
Q

What are some hormones that increase heart rate and contractility?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroid hormones

32
Q

What does an increase in K and Na lead to?

A

Decrease heart contraction and heart rate

33
Q

What does a high concentration of Na lead to?

A

Blocks Ca influx during cardiac AP so contraction decreased

34
Q

What does a high concentration of K do?

A

Blocks generation of action potential

35
Q

What does an increase of Ca lead to?

A

Speeds heart rate and strengthens heart

36
Q

What are other factors regulating heart rate?

A

Age, gender (female HR > male HR), physical fitness and bday temperature (>temperature > HR)

37
Q

What is shock?

A

Failure of CV system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

38
Q

What happens when the body goes into shock?

A

Cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic production of ATP and lactic acid accumulates in body fluids mid shock persists organs can be damaged

39
Q

What are the 4 types of shock?

A

Hypovolumic, cardiogenic, vascular and obstructive

40
Q

What causes hypovolumic shock?

A

Decreased blood volume by inadequate intake of fluid, DM which leads to excessive fluid loss in urine, sudden haemorrhage and excessive sweating, diarrhoea or vomiting

41
Q

What causes cardiogenic shock?

A

Poor heart function eg. Heart attack or heart valve problems

42
Q

What causes vascular shock?

A

Inappropriate vasodilation eg. Anaphylactic shock (increased histamine release causes vasodilation)
Head trauma or septic shock caused by bacteria

43
Q

What causes obstructive shock?

A

Obstruction of blood flow by pulmonary embolism (clot)

44
Q

At what percentage of blood volume reduction does shock become life threatening?

A

10-20%

45
Q

What are signs and symptoms of shock?

A

Rapid resting heart rate, weak and rapid pulse, altered mental state, sweating, thirst, reduced urine formation, nausea and acidosis

46
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Rapid resting heart rate (>100 bpm)

47
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow resting heart rate (<60 bpm)

48
Q

What do you use to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

49
Q

What is normal bloop pressure?

A

120/80

50
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on walls of vessels

51
Q

What is the resistance to blood flow due to friction between blood vessel walls and blood dependant on?

A

Blood vessel radius, blood viscosity and total blood vessel length

52
Q

What are the pumps that boost venous return?

A

Heart
Pressure changes in thorax and abdomen during respiration
Skeletal muscle contractions in lower limbs
Valves in veins

53
Q

How do substances enter of leave capillaries?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis and bulk flow

54
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Vesicles in endothelial cells for large insoluble lipids to move through

55
Q

What is filtration in capillary exchange promoted by?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

56
Q

What does the fluid leaving or entering capillaries depend on?

A

Net balance of pressure

57
Q

What is starlings law of capillaries?

A

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed= volume filtered

58
Q

What happens is capillary filtration is much greater than capillary reabsorption?

A

Oedema

59
Q

What happens to fluid after it is filtered out of capillaries?

A

1/10 goes to lymphatics and 9/10 returns to capillary

60
Q

What are the 2 types of artificial heart?

A

External power source charged through skin and implanted battery

61
Q

What is used to overcome problem of coronary obstruction?

A

Implanting a stent

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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