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Anatomy And Physiology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

To produce sperm cells and can transfer them to female

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2
Q

What is the scrotum

A

A pouch containing testes

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3
Q

What is the scrotum divided into L and R compartments by?

A

An internal median septum

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4
Q

What is he externally marked seam of the scrotum called?

A

The perineal raphe

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5
Q

What is the temperature required for speed production?

A

Less than 37 degrees

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6
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for regulating testes temperature?

A

Cremaster muscle, the dartos muscle and the pampiniform complex

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7
Q

What is the cremaster muscle and what does it do?

A

It is strips of internal abdominal oblique muscle around testes. It contracts when cold to draw testes nearer to body

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8
Q

What is the dartos muscle and what does it do?

A

It is a subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle around testes and it contracts when cold so it becomes taut

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9
Q

What is the pampiniform complex and what does it do?

A

It is an extensive vein network that cools blood and testis by 2 degrees by acting as a countercurrent heat exchanger

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10
Q

What is the outer cover of the testes called?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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11
Q

What is the white fibrous capsule of the testes called?

A

Tunica albuginea

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12
Q

Connective tissue septa divides the testes into how many wedge shaped lobules?

A

Around 300

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13
Q

How many seminiferous tubules does each lobule contain?

A

1-3

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14
Q

What are the slender ducts called where sperm are produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

What are the clusters of interstitial cells found between seminiferous tubules?

A

Cells of leydig

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16
Q

What do cells of leydig do?

A

Produce testosterone

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17
Q

What is each sem.tub. Lines by?

A

Several layers of germ cells in the process of becoming sperm and a few tall sustentacular (sertoli) cells

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18
Q

Do to the Sertoli cells of the sem.tub. Do?

A

Provide nutrients, removes waste, provides growth factors to sem.tub. They also secrete inhibin to regulate rate of sperm production

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19
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenic cells?

A

Spermatogonium- primary spermatocyte- secondary spermatocyte- spermatid- sperm cell or spermatozoon

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20
Q

What are the stages of sperm production?

A

Mitosis- differentiation- meiosis- spermiogenesis

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21
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells

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22
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier do?

A

Prevents proteins and other large molecules from getting to germ cells. Ie. Because germ cells are genetically different from other cells in the body the BTB prevents immune system attacking germ cells

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23
Q

What can happen if the BTB fails to form adequately in adolescence?

A

The immune system can produce autoantibodies against germ cells and this can cause sterility

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24
Q

Where are the Sertoli cells in sem.tub.?

A

In middle of developing cells

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25
Q

What is the basement membrane of sem.tub. Called?

A

Nasal lamina

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26
Q

What happens in the rete testis?

A

The sperm partially mature

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27
Q

Do sperm swim while in the male reproductive tract?

A

No

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28
Q

Where do testes begin to develop?

A

Near kidneys

29
Q

What passageway do kidneys go through in foetus?

A

Inguinal canal and a weak spot can lead to an inguinal hernia

30
Q

Around 3% of boys are born with undescended testes what does this cause?

A

Infertility as testes are too warm to produce sperm

31
Q

How can undescended testes be corrected?

A

With hormone injections or surgery

32
Q

After leaving the testes what are the four ducts the sperm travels through to get to outside?

A

Around 12 efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct in that order

33
Q

What happens to sperm in the epididymis?

A

It matures over 20 days and is stored, fertile, for around 50 days

34
Q

What structure has a duct that reabsorbs 90% of the fluid secretes by testes?

A

Epididymis

35
Q

What happens in the vas deferens during orgasm?

A

Peristaltic contractions that drive sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

36
Q

What is the wall of the vas deferens made up of?

A

Scattered mucin-secreting cells

37
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland

38
Q

How many seminal vesicles are there?

A

2

39
Q

What accessory gland secretes 60% of the semen?

A

Seminal vesicles

40
Q

What does the prostate gland surround?

A

The urethra and ejaculatory duct

41
Q

How does the prostate gland empty?

A

Through around 20 pores into urethral wall

42
Q

Which accessory gland secretes 30% of the semen?

A

Prostate gland

43
Q

Where do ducts of bulbourethral glands lead into?

A

The penile urethra

44
Q

What happens in the bulbourethral gland during sexual arousal?

A

A clear, slippery fluid is produced that lubricates head of penis and neutralises acidity

45
Q

What are the three regions of the urethra?

A

Prostatic- near bladder, membraneous- passes through muscular floor of pelvic cavity and penile

46
Q

What are the 3 columns of erectile tissue of the penis?

A

2 corpus cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

47
Q

What is the normal volume of seminal fluid?

A

2-5mls

48
Q

What is the composition of seminal fluid?

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic fluid
10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions
Trace bulbourethral fluid

49
Q

What is normal speed count per ml

A

50-120 million

50
Q

At what speed count in an individual considered infertile?

A

Less than 20 million per ml

51
Q

What are the components of semen?

A

Spermatozoa, fructose, fibrinogen, clotting enzymes, fibrinolysin, prostaglandins and spermine

52
Q

What does the spermatozoa of semen do?

A

It digests path through cervical mucus and fertilises egg

53
Q

What does the fructose of sperm do?

A

Provides energy for speed motility

54
Q

What does the fibrinogen of semen do?

A

It causes semen to clot

55
Q

What do the clotting enzymes of semen do?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin after ejaculation so semen clot and adhere to vagina

56
Q

What does fibrinolysin of semen do?

A

Liquefies semen after 15 min ejaculation to liberate sperm

57
Q

What do prostaglandins of semen do?

A

They reduce viscosity of cervical mucus

58
Q

What does spermine of semen do?

A

Neutralises vaginal acidity

59
Q

What are the 5 tests for semen analysis?

A 
Sperm count
Motility 
Volume
Shape
Liquefaction
60
Q

What is removed during a vasectomy?

A

1cm segment of ductus deferens so spermatozoa cannot pass

61
Q

What does LH stimulate the secretion of?

A

Testosterone secreted by leydig cells

62
Q

Testosterone together with what stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

63
Q

Testosterone is turned into DHT what does DHT do?

A

Male pattern of development before birth. Enlargement of male sec organs and expression of secondary male sex characteristics during puberty and anabolism (protein synthesis)

64
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Reduces FSH secretion and therefore sperm production without reducing LH and testosterone secretion

65
Q

What happens to hormone secretion when sperm count drops <20 million sperm/ ml?

A

Inhibin secretion drops and FSH secretion rises

66
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus during puberty?

A

It becomes less sensitive to inhibitory effect of androgens and rate of GnRH secretion increases

67
Q

What is the route of the sperm?

A

Testis (seminiferous tubules and rete) then efferent tubules then epididymis then vas deferens then ejaculatory duct then urethra

68
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus during puberty?

A

It becomes less sensitive to inhibitory effect of androgens and rate of GnRH secretion increases

69
Q

What is the route of the sperm?

A

Testis (seminiferous tubules and rete) then efferent tubules then epididymis then vas deferens then ejaculatory duct then urethra

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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