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Anatomy And Physiology > Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

At the respiratory membrane

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2
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

6 think layers between alveolus and capillary

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3
Q

What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Fluid and surfactant layer, alveolar epithelium, epithelial basement layer, interstitial space, capillary basement membrane and capillary endothelium

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4
Q

What 4 things makes the respiratory membrane efficient at gas exchange?

A

Substantial differences in partial pressures across respiratory membrane
Small distances involved in gas exchange
Gases are lipid soluble
Large total surface area

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5
Q

What does partial pressure mean?

A

Pressure exerted by each gas type in a mixture

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6
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Percentage gas times total pressure

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7
Q

Does oxygen normally move in or out of the alveoli?

A

Out

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8
Q

Does carbon dioxide move in or out of the alveoli?

A

In

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9
Q

What is the air pressure pressure like at high altitudes?

A

Low pressure so doesn’t create as much of a pressure gradient in and out of lungs

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10
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide of atmospheric air?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 159mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 0.3mmHg

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11
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 105mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

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12
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in oxygenated blood?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 100mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

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13
Q

What is he pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 40mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 45mmHg

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14
Q

What is the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5 micrometers

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15
Q

What conditions are caused by fluid filling p in or around respiratory membrane?

A

Tuberculosis or pneumonia

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16
Q

Why can oxygen and carbon dioxide easily diffuse through respiratory membrane?

A

Because they are lipid soluble

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17
Q

What is the total surface area of respiratory membrane?

A

70 meters squared

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18
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

By red blood cells

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19
Q

How do RBC’s use oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

They bind oxygen and use carbon dioxide to manufacture soluble compounds

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20
Q

What happens as a result of the RBC’s removing dissolved gas from the plasma?

A

Gas will continue to diffuse into the blood but never reach equilibrium

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21
Q

What makes up the oxygen binding site of each haem unit in a Hb molecule?

A

Iron ions

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22
Q

How many oxygens can attach per Hb molecule?

A

4 oxygen because there are 4 haem units

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23
Q

How many Hb’s are there in each RBC?

A

Around 280 million

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24
Q

How many oxygens does each red blood cell have the potential to carry?

A

Over 1 billion

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25
What happens to Hb in tissue spaces?
Oxygen diffuses away from Hb and enters tissues and carbon dioxide exits tissues and bonds to Hb
26
What are the 4 factors that influence the degree to which oxygen binds to Hb?
The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation/ saturation curve Blood pH Temperature Ongoing metabolic activity within RBCs
27
What does the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation/ saturation curve describe?
Percentage Hb saturated at any pressure of oxygen
28
What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?
The other oxygens are easier to bind
29
What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?
0.1%
30
What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?
Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise
31
What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?
Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide
32
What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?
The other oxygens are easier to bind
33
What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?
0.1%
34
What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?
Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise
35
What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?
Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide
36
What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?
The other oxygens are easier to bind
37
What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?
0.1%
38
What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?
Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise
39
What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?
Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide
40
What does right binding structure of deoxyhaemoglobin do?
Releases remaining oxygen
41
What is the right binding structure of deoxyhaemoglobin due to?
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
42
What does a left shift on the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve mean?
Increased uptake of oxygen in lungs
43
What causes a left shift in the graph?
Decreasing temperature and decreasing 2,3-DPG
44
How does blood pH affect release of oxygen to tissues?
Active tissue last generate acid therefore decreasing pH the H+ from acid binds to protein part of Hb which affects shape and how much oxygen that can be carried so oxygen is released to tissues where needed
45
How is temperature used to get more oxygen to tissues?
Active muscle releases heat which causes temperature to rise which causes Hb to release oxygen to tissues
46
What produced in glycolysis increases release of oxygen from Hb?
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
47
What aides oxygen transfer to foetus across the placenta?
The different structure of foetal Hb gives it a higher affinity for oxygen
48
What are some physiological adaptations to high altitude?
Increased respiratory rate, increased heart rate and elevated haematocrit
49
What is haematocrit?
Percentage blood volume occupied by RBC
50
What are the 3 main forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma Bound to protein portion of Hb As bicarbonate ions
51
What percentage of oxygen is carried in blood physically dissolved compared to bound to Hb?
1. 5% physically bound | 98. 5% bound to Hb
52
What percentage of carbon dioxide if transported in the blood physically dissolved, bound to Hb and as bicarbonate?
10% physically dissolved 30% bound to Hb 60% as bicarbonate
53
Where is the respiratory system located in the brain?
The pons which has the pneumotaxic area and apneustic area | The medulla oblongata which has inspiratory area and expiratory area
54
What does the the medullary rhythmicity area control?
Basic rhythm
55
What can activate the normally inactive expiratory area of the medulla oblongata?
The inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata
56
What does the inspiratory area control?
Autorhythmic neurons
57
What areas of the pons inhibits and what area stimulates inspiratory area?
``` Pneumotaxic= inhibits Apneustic= stimulates ```
58
What is another name for the bends?
Decompression sickness
59
What happens in the bends?
Changes in pressure affect gases in the body and can cause nitrogen to come out of solution to form bubble lab and damage tissues and block blood flow
60
What are 2 types of treatments for the bends?
A monoplace chamber and a multi place chamber
61
What is emphysema?
Enlargement of alveoli as elastic fibres destroyed to form large air cysts
62
What is cystic fibrosis?
Inherited disease of secretory epithelium. Where thick mucus blocks ducts in lungs and causes inflammation and can eventually destroy lung tissue
63
What organs does cystic fibrosis affect?
Lungs, liver, pancreas, small intestines and sweat glands
64
What is treatment for cystic fibrosis?
Air mask and oscillation vest to induce coughing

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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