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Anatomy And Physiology > Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

At the respiratory membrane

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2
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

6 think layers between alveolus and capillary

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3
Q

What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Fluid and surfactant layer, alveolar epithelium, epithelial basement layer, interstitial space, capillary basement membrane and capillary endothelium

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4
Q

What 4 things makes the respiratory membrane efficient at gas exchange?

A

Substantial differences in partial pressures across respiratory membrane
Small distances involved in gas exchange
Gases are lipid soluble
Large total surface area

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5
Q

What does partial pressure mean?

A

Pressure exerted by each gas type in a mixture

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6
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Percentage gas times total pressure

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7
Q

Does oxygen normally move in or out of the alveoli?

A

Out

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8
Q

Does carbon dioxide move in or out of the alveoli?

A

In

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9
Q

What is the air pressure pressure like at high altitudes?

A

Low pressure so doesn’t create as much of a pressure gradient in and out of lungs

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10
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide of atmospheric air?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 159mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 0.3mmHg

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11
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 105mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

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12
Q

What is the pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in oxygenated blood?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 100mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

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13
Q

What is he pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood?

A

Pressure of oxygen = 40mmHg

Pressure of carbon dioxide = 45mmHg

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14
Q

What is the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5 micrometers

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15
Q

What conditions are caused by fluid filling p in or around respiratory membrane?

A

Tuberculosis or pneumonia

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16
Q

Why can oxygen and carbon dioxide easily diffuse through respiratory membrane?

A

Because they are lipid soluble

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17
Q

What is the total surface area of respiratory membrane?

A

70 meters squared

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18
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

By red blood cells

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19
Q

How do RBC’s use oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

They bind oxygen and use carbon dioxide to manufacture soluble compounds

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20
Q

What happens as a result of the RBC’s removing dissolved gas from the plasma?

A

Gas will continue to diffuse into the blood but never reach equilibrium

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21
Q

What makes up the oxygen binding site of each haem unit in a Hb molecule?

A

Iron ions

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22
Q

How many oxygens can attach per Hb molecule?

A

4 oxygen because there are 4 haem units

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23
Q

How many Hb’s are there in each RBC?

A

Around 280 million

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24
Q

How many oxygens does each red blood cell have the potential to carry?

A

Over 1 billion

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25
Q

What happens to Hb in tissue spaces?

A

Oxygen diffuses away from Hb and enters tissues and carbon dioxide exits tissues and bonds to Hb

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26
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence the degree to which oxygen binds to Hb?

A

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation/ saturation curve
Blood pH
Temperature
Ongoing metabolic activity within RBCs

27
Q

What does the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation/ saturation curve describe?

A

Percentage Hb saturated at any pressure of oxygen

28
Q

What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?

A

The other oxygens are easier to bind

29
Q

What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?

A

0.1%

30
Q

What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?

A

Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise

31
Q

What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?

A

Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide

32
Q

What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?

A

The other oxygens are easier to bind

33
Q

What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?

A

0.1%

34
Q

What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?

A

Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise

35
Q

What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?

A

Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide

36
Q

What happens to Hb once 1st oxygen is bound?

A

The other oxygens are easier to bind

37
Q

What is the lethal percentage of Carson monoxide in the air?

A

0.1%

38
Q

What happens when the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?

A

Oxygen is released to tissues eg. During exercise

39
Q

What factors can shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the right?

A

Decreasing pH, increasing temperature and increasing pressure of carbon dioxide

40
Q

What does right binding structure of deoxyhaemoglobin do?

A

Releases remaining oxygen

41
Q

What is the right binding structure of deoxyhaemoglobin due to?

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

42
Q

What does a left shift on the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve mean?

A

Increased uptake of oxygen in lungs

43
Q

What causes a left shift in the graph?

A

Decreasing temperature and decreasing 2,3-DPG

44
Q

How does blood pH affect release of oxygen to tissues?

A

Active tissue last generate acid therefore decreasing pH the H+ from acid binds to protein part of Hb which affects shape and how much oxygen that can be carried so oxygen is released to tissues where needed

45
Q

How is temperature used to get more oxygen to tissues?

A

Active muscle releases heat which causes temperature to rise which causes Hb to release oxygen to tissues

46
Q

What produced in glycolysis increases release of oxygen from Hb?

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

47
Q

What aides oxygen transfer to foetus across the placenta?

A

The different structure of foetal Hb gives it a higher affinity for oxygen

48
Q

What are some physiological adaptations to high altitude?

A

Increased respiratory rate, increased heart rate and elevated haematocrit

49
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Percentage blood volume occupied by RBC

50
Q

What are the 3 main forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma
Bound to protein portion of Hb
As bicarbonate ions

51
Q

What percentage of oxygen is carried in blood physically dissolved compared to bound to Hb?

A
  1. 5% physically bound

98. 5% bound to Hb

52
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide if transported in the blood physically dissolved, bound to Hb and as bicarbonate?

A

10% physically dissolved
30% bound to Hb
60% as bicarbonate

53
Q

Where is the respiratory system located in the brain?

A

The pons which has the pneumotaxic area and apneustic area

The medulla oblongata which has inspiratory area and expiratory area

54
Q

What does the the medullary rhythmicity area control?

A

Basic rhythm

55
Q

What can activate the normally inactive expiratory area of the medulla oblongata?

A

The inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata

56
Q

What does the inspiratory area control?

A

Autorhythmic neurons

57
Q

What areas of the pons inhibits and what area stimulates inspiratory area?

A 
Pneumotaxic= inhibits
Apneustic= stimulates
58
Q

What is another name for the bends?

A

Decompression sickness

59
Q

What happens in the bends?

A

Changes in pressure affect gases in the body and can cause nitrogen to come out of solution to form bubble lab and damage tissues and block blood flow

60
Q

What are 2 types of treatments for the bends?

A

A monoplace chamber and a multi place chamber

61
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Enlargement of alveoli as elastic fibres destroyed to form large air cysts

62
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Inherited disease of secretory epithelium. Where thick mucus blocks ducts in lungs and causes inflammation and can eventually destroy lung tissue

63
Q

What organs does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

Lungs, liver, pancreas, small intestines and sweat glands

64
Q

What is treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A

Air mask and oscillation vest to induce coughing

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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