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Histology 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary tract accomplish?

A

Water and electrolyte homeostasis, acid base balance and body fluid osmolarity

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2
Q

What acts as an endocrine gland, producing renin and erythropoietin?

A

Kidney and urinary tract

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3
Q

What is the kidney covered in?

A

Capsule of dense collage fibres

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4
Q

What is the kidney composed of?

A

Cortex and medulla

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5
Q

What is the medulla subdivided into?

A

Medullary pyramids with apices

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

A

Anterior and posterior renal arteries

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7
Q

What branches to form arcuate arteries?

A

Interlobular arteries

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8
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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9
Q

Function of renal corpuscle?

A

Production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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10
Q

Function of Proximal Convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbs and glucose

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11
Q

Function of Loop of Henle?

A

Creation of hypertonic environment in medulla

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12
Q

Function of Distal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Acid-base and water balance, absorption of water, sodium and bicarbonate, excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

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13
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle?

A

Tuft of capillaries (glomerulus) and the cup of simple squamous epithelium at the Bowmans capsule

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14
Q

What is the glomerulus supplied by?

A

Afferent arteriole

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15
Q

What is the glomerulus drained by?

A

Efferent arteriole

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16
Q

What are the two cell layers that separate the glomerular filtrate and blood?

A

Capillary endothelium and podocytes

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17
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Epithelial cells with interdigitating cell processes

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18
Q

What is between the cell layers that separate the glomerular filtrate and blood?

A

Feltwork of GAGs

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19
Q

Where are scattered mesangial cells found between?

A

The endothelial cells and the basal lamina

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20
Q

What is the functions of the mesangial cells?

A

Controlling filtration rate and removal of debris

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21
Q

What are the blood vessels called in the loop of henle?

A

Vasa Recta

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22
Q

What is the reabsorption of sodium ions controlled by?

A

Aldosterone that is secreted by renal cortex

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23
Q

How does the permeability of the ducts to water vary?

A

As ADH from the posterior pituitary gland increases water permeability

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24
Q

Is pressure high or low during passage of medulla?

A

High

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25
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

A specialised region formed at the site where the distal tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corpuscle

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26
Q

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula Densa, Juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells

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27
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

The renal papilla

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28
Q

Where is urine collected?

A

Minor calyx, flows into major calyx, ureter and then bladder

29
Q

What lines the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

30
Q

What are the cells called present at the luminal surface?

A

Umbrella cells

31
Q

Describe umbrella cells

A

Domed shaped and have a thickened and inflexible membrane

32
Q

What is the lumen of the ureter lined with?

A

Urothelium

33
Q

What do the smooth muscle layers form within the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscles

34
Q

Function of detrusor muscle?

A

Micturation

35
Q

When does the urethra in a female become stratified squamous?

A

As it nears the surface of the body posterior of clitoris

36
Q

What are the largest collecting ducts?

A

Ducts of Bellini

37
Q

What is the pelvicalyceal space in humans?

A

Minor calyx

38
Q

How does the medulla receive nutrients and oxygen?

A

Vasa recta

39
Q

What happens to the urine during voiding?

A

Flows into urethra and exits the body

40
Q

What can be found in the detrusor muscle?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia innervated by neurone in the sacral spinal cord

41
Q

What controls the micturation reflex in the bladder?

A

Adventitia

42
Q

Non-hormonal function of the urinary tract

A

Production, storage and voiding of urine

43
Q

Where is the kidney?

A

Retroperitoneal area

44
Q

What enters and exits the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal artery enters

Renal vein and ureter exits

45
Q

Structures of the kidney?

A

Renal pelvis, major calyces ad minor calyces

46
Q

Where do the apices of the medullary pyramids point to?

A

The hilum of the kidney

47
Q

What are the apices of the medullary pyramids called?

48
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney continuous with?

A

Connective tissue that lines the renal sinuses

49
Q

Where are medullary rays found?

A

In the cortex

50
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

51
Q

What type of epithelium do the podocytes make?

A

Fenestrated epithelium with pores

52
Q

What do the interdigitating cell processes of the podocytes make?

A

Filtration slits

53
Q

What is the glomerular filtrate?

A

An ultrafiltrate of plasma

54
Q

What are the three components of the glomerular filtrate?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of the capillaries,
Thick basement membrane,
Filtration slits between podocytes

55
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule leads to?

A

The proximal straight tubule

56
Q

How is sodium reabsorbed?

A

Active transport

57
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

58
Q

How is glucose and carbohydrates reabsorbed?

A

Cotransport

59
Q

What is the border of distal convoluted tubules?

A

Sparse microvilli

60
Q

What controls reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

What secretes aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

62
Q

What controls aldosterone secretion?

A

The renin-angiotensin system

63
Q

What increases the collecting ducts permeability to water?

A

Vasopressin

64
Q

What secrete vasopressin?

A

Posterior pituitary

65
Q

What is the function of macula densa?

A

Sensing sodium content

66
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells contain?

67
Q

What are the lacis cells?

A

Modified mesangial cells extending outside the renal corpuscle

68
Q

Function of the lacis cells?

A

Signalling that alters glomerular filtrate

69
Q

What innervates the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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