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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic arrangement of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media and Tunica Adventitia

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2
Q

Describe Tunica Intima?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells known as the endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a small layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

Describe Tunica Media?

A

Predominately muscle and can have a high amount of elastic tissue

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4
Q

Describe Tunica Adventitia?

A

Supporting connecting tissue

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5
Q

What are the largest arteries called?

A

Elastic arteries

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6
Q

What are the elastic fibres required for?

A

Elastic recoil

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7
Q

Describe the walls of elastic arteries?

A

Inner half of the wall obtains nutrients from the lumen and the outer half has its own blood supply called the vasa vasorum

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8
Q

What can been found between the tunica media and tunica adventitia?

A

External elastic membrane

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9
Q

Function of arterioles

A

Regulating blood flow in tissue

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10
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and basal lamina

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11
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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12
Q

What are the 3 forms of capillaries?

A

Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaires
Discontinuous Capillaries

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13
Q

What is the function of the postcapillary venule?

A

Exchange of materials

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14
Q

What are the valves in the veins composed of?

A

Extensions of the tunica intima

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15
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What is the role of Serum albumin?

A

Maintaining osmotic pressure

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17
Q

Why are mature red blood cells not true?

A

No nucleus or organelles

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18
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

4 months

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19
Q

How are aged cells removed?

A

By spleen and liver

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20
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes and are the most common type of leukocytes

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21
Q

Describe the nucleus of the neutrophil?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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22
Q

What can neutrophils also be called?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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23
Q

Where are eosinophils released from?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

How long do the eosinophils circulate for before moving into the tissue?

A

8-12 hours

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25
Q

Are eosinophils larger than neutrophils?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Describe the nucleus of the eosinophils?

A

Bilobed

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27
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Maintaining and inducing inflammation and fighting parasitic infections

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28
Q

Describe the nucleus in a basophil?

A

Bilobed

29
Q

Role of the basophil?

A

Act as effector cells in allergic reactions

30
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Herapin and histamine

31
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

Bone marrow and blood

32
Q

What is monocytes together called?

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

33
Q

Describe the nucleus of the monocytes?

A

Non-lobulated

34
Q

What are the 2 cases of lymphocyte?

A

B cells and T cells

35
Q

Where does T cells differentiate?

A

Thymus

36
Q

What do B cells give rise to?

A

Antibody secreting plasma cells

37
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Form a complex set of cells that perform many defence functions

38
Q

Function of Platelets?

A

Haemostasis

39
Q

Do platlets have a nucleus?

A

No

40
Q

What activates the production of fibrin which participates in clot formation

A

Platelets

41
Q

What are the different types of stem cells?

A

Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent and committed progenitor cells

42
Q

What can form all types of cells of the adult, plus any extra embryonic tissue produced during development?

A

Totipotent

43
Q

What can form all functional cell types of the animal?

A

Pluripotent

44
Q

What can form a restricted set of cell types?

A

Multipotent

45
Q

What can form only one cell type?

A

Committed Progenitor cells

46
Q

Example of totipotent?

A

Fertilised ovum

47
Q

Example of pluripotent?

A

Embryonic stem cells

48
Q

Example of Multipotent?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

49
Q

What is a Megakaryocyte?

A

Giant cells found in the bone marrow

50
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Water, proteins, nutrients and salts

51
Q

How can blood be separated?

A

Centrifuge

52
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid left after clotting factors have been removed from the blood

53
Q

What are the proteins found in blood?

A

Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components

54
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

55
Q

What is 1/3rd of the volume of RBC’s taken up by?

A

Haemoglobin

56
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein

57
Q

What allows RBC’s to deform?

A

They contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements

58
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

To pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the tissues of the body

59
Q

What is a stack of red blood cells called and what can it indicate?

A

Rouleau and can indicate disease

60
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells?

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
61
Q

What does the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain?

A

Granules

62
Q

What cells are basophils similar to?

A

Mast cells

63
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

64
Q

What do platelets induce production of?

A

Fibrin

65
Q

Sites of blood formation?

A

Embryonic - Liver and Spleen
After birth - Bone Marrow
Mature Skeleton - Vertebrae, Ribs and Skull

66
Q

What happens to the marrow in bones not producing blood cells?

A

Becomes adipose tissue

67
Q

What is the blood brain barrier induced by?

A

Astrocytes

68
Q

What produces erythropoietin?

A

Kidney

69
Q

What produces interleukins?

A

Leukocytes as well as other cells

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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