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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic arrangement of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media and Tunica Adventitia

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2
Q

Describe Tunica Intima?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells known as the endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a small layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

Describe Tunica Media?

A

Predominately muscle and can have a high amount of elastic tissue

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4
Q

Describe Tunica Adventitia?

A

Supporting connecting tissue

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5
Q

What are the largest arteries called?

A

Elastic arteries

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6
Q

What are the elastic fibres required for?

A

Elastic recoil

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7
Q

Describe the walls of elastic arteries?

A

Inner half of the wall obtains nutrients from the lumen and the outer half has its own blood supply called the vasa vasorum

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8
Q

What can been found between the tunica media and tunica adventitia?

A

External elastic membrane

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9
Q

Function of arterioles

A

Regulating blood flow in tissue

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10
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and basal lamina

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11
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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12
Q

What are the 3 forms of capillaries?

A

Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaires
Discontinuous Capillaries

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13
Q

What is the function of the postcapillary venule?

A

Exchange of materials

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14
Q

What are the valves in the veins composed of?

A

Extensions of the tunica intima

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15
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What is the role of Serum albumin?

A

Maintaining osmotic pressure

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17
Q

Why are mature red blood cells not true?

A

No nucleus or organelles

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18
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

4 months

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19
Q

How are aged cells removed?

A

By spleen and liver

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20
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes and are the most common type of leukocytes

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21
Q

Describe the nucleus of the neutrophil?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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22
Q

What can neutrophils also be called?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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23
Q

Where are eosinophils released from?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

How long do the eosinophils circulate for before moving into the tissue?

A

8-12 hours

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25
Are eosinophils larger than neutrophils?
Yes
26
Describe the nucleus of the eosinophils?
Bilobed
27
What is the role of eosinophils?
Maintaining and inducing inflammation and fighting parasitic infections
28
Describe the nucleus in a basophil?
Bilobed
29
Role of the basophil?
Act as effector cells in allergic reactions
30
What do mast cells contain?
Herapin and histamine
31
Where are monocytes found?
Bone marrow and blood
32
What is monocytes together called?
Mononuclear phagocyte system
33
Describe the nucleus of the monocytes?
Non-lobulated
34
What are the 2 cases of lymphocyte?
B cells and T cells
35
Where does T cells differentiate?
Thymus
36
What do B cells give rise to?
Antibody secreting plasma cells
37
What do T cells do?
Form a complex set of cells that perform many defence functions
38
Function of Platelets?
Haemostasis
39
Do platlets have a nucleus?
No
40
What activates the production of fibrin which participates in clot formation
Platelets
41
What are the different types of stem cells?
Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent and committed progenitor cells
42
What can form all types of cells of the adult, plus any extra embryonic tissue produced during development?
Totipotent
43
What can form all functional cell types of the animal?
Pluripotent
44
What can form a restricted set of cell types?
Multipotent
45
What can form only one cell type?
Committed Progenitor cells
46
Example of totipotent?
Fertilised ovum
47
Example of pluripotent?
Embryonic stem cells
48
Example of Multipotent?
Lymphoid stem cells
49
What is a Megakaryocyte?
Giant cells found in the bone marrow
50
What is plasma composed of?
Water, proteins, nutrients and salts
51
How can blood be separated?
Centrifuge
52
What is serum?
Fluid left after clotting factors have been removed from the blood
53
What are the proteins found in blood?
Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components
54
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
55
What is 1/3rd of the volume of RBC's taken up by?
Haemoglobin
56
What is haemoglobin?
An iron-containing protein
57
What allows RBC's to deform?
They contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements
58
What is the function of haemoglobin?
To pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the tissues of the body
59
What is a stack of red blood cells called and what can it indicate?
Rouleau and can indicate disease
60
What are the different types of white blood cells?
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes Basophils ```
61
What does the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain?
Granules
62
What cells are basophils similar to?
Mast cells
63
Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
64
What do platelets induce production of?
Fibrin
65
Sites of blood formation?
Embryonic - Liver and Spleen After birth - Bone Marrow Mature Skeleton - Vertebrae, Ribs and Skull
66
What happens to the marrow in bones not producing blood cells?
Becomes adipose tissue
67
What is the blood brain barrier induced by?
Astrocytes
68
What produces erythropoietin?
Kidney
69
What produces interleukins?
Leukocytes as well as other cells

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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