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Histology 2 > The Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

The Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain body homeostasis

Help the body to react to stress in association with the nervous system

Regulate growth and development, including sexual development and reproduction

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2
Q

What are protein and glycoprotein hormones?

A

Insulin and parathyroid hormone

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3
Q

What are small peptide hormones?

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

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4
Q

What are steroids derived from cholesterol?

A

Testosterone and Cortisol

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5
Q

What are the major endocrine organs?

A

Thyroid and Adrenal glands

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6
Q

What are organs with partial endocrine roles?

A

Pancreas, ovary and testes

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7
Q

What are diffused endocrine systems?

A

Scattered cells within organs that fulfil an endocrine function

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8
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

In the sella tunica of the sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland also know as?

A

Hypophysis

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10
Q

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?

A

2 (anterior and posterior)

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11
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

Adenohypophysis

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12
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

Neurohypophysis

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13
Q

Describe the Neurohypophysis?

A

Develops as a downward growth of the hypothalamus and stays attached via the pituitary stalk

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14
Q

Describe the Adenohypophysis?

A

Develops as an upward pocket of epithelium in the roof go the oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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15
Q

What are hypothalamus hormones that regulate the adenohypophysis?

A 
Growth hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Dopamine
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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16
Q

What cells are within the Anterior pituitary?

A

Secretory cells

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17
Q

What are acidophils and basophils called?

A

Chromophils

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18
Q

What are Somatotrophs and lactotrophs?

A

Acidophils

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19
Q

What are tyrotrophs, corticotrophins and gonadotrophs?

A

Basophils

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20
Q

What does the posterior pituitary consist of?

A

Axons of nerve cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where do the nerve cells terminate in the posterior pituitary?

A

Near capillaries

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22
Q

What are glial cells known as?

A

Pituicytes

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23
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid follicle

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24
Q

What does the follicle contain in the thyroid gland?

A

Colloid

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25
Q

What is within the colloid in the thyroid follicle?

A

Iodothyroglobulin

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26
Q

What are the main thyroid hormones?

A

Triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine

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27
Q

Where are C cells found?

A

Adjacent to the follicular cells, within the basal lamina that surround the follicles

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28
Q

Are the C-cells in contact with the colloid?

A

No

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29
Q

What do the C-cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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30
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium levels

31
Q

When do the C-cells invade the thyroid?

A

During embryological development

32
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Usually 4 small oval glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

33
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

34
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase serum calcium?

A

Stimulating release of calcium from bone
Increasing renal calcium reabsorption
Increasing calcium absorption form the gut

35
Q

What are the three main cell types in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells, oxyphils and adipose cells

36
Q

What are chief cells?

A

They are small, lightly stained cells with dark, central nuclei

37
Q

What are oxyphils?

A

Larger eosinophilic cells that appear at puberty and become more numerous with age and have lots of mitochondria

38
Q

What is the adrenal cortex formed from?

A

Epithelial cells

39
Q

What is the arrangement of the adrenal glands?

A

Surrounded by a thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inward through the cortex

40
Q

What are the distinct layers in the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis

41
Q

What are the three types of cholesterol based steroid hormones the adrenal cortex secretes?

A

Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones

42
Q

What are the Mineralcorticoids involved in?

A

Electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

43
Q

Where are the Mineralcorticoids produced?

A

In the outer layer of the adrenal cortex

44
Q

What are glucocorticoids involved in?

A

Aspects of metabolism

45
Q

Where are glucocorticoids produced?

A

In the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

46
Q

What is the principle glucocorticoid produced?

47
Q

What can control Cortisol secretion?

48
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

Reinforces the action of the sympathetic nervous system at times of stress

49
Q

What are the cells like with the adrenal medulla?

A

Slightly basophilc and arranged in cords and nests

50
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

51
Q

What is present in the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

52
Q

What are the three principle cell types within the pancreatic islets?

A

Insulin secreting cells
Glucagon secreting cells
Somatostatin secreting cells

53
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Spermatozoa and testosterone

54
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Ova, Oestrogen and Progesterone

55
Q

What surrounds the Ovarian follicle?

A

Theca interna

56
Q

What are amino acid derivative hormones?

A

Thyroxin and adrenalin

57
Q

What is a swelling in the axon of the posterior pituitary called?

A

Herring body

58
Q

How are the hormones from the hypothalamus delivered to the anterior pituitary?

A

In high concentration through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

59
Q

What are the cells of the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils and Basophils = Chromophils

60
Q

What is the portion of the pituitary between the anterior and posterior lobes?

A

Pars intermedia

61
Q

What is the pars intermedia?

A

The remnants of the lumen of Rathke pouch

62
Q

What is contained within the pars intermedia?

A

Follicles that contain a colloid

63
Q

What are C cels derived from?

A

Neural crests

64
Q

What surrounds the parathyroid gland?

A

Connective tissue capsule

65
Q

What forms the adrenal medulla?

A

Neural crest cells

66
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

Function of Aldosterone?

A

Promotes sodium retention in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney

68
Q

What type of hormone is secreted by the zona granulose?

A

Mineralcorticoids

69
Q

What type of hormone is secreted by the zona fascicular?

A

Glucocorticoids

70
Q

What type of hormone is secreted by the zona reticularus?

A

Sex hormones

71
Q

Function of insulin secreting cells?

A

Lowering of blood glucose

72
Q

Function of glucagon secreting cells?

A

Elevation of blood glucose

73
Q

Function of somatostatin secreting cells?

A

Inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion

74
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An identifiable marker on or in a specific cell

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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