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Anatomy & Physiology II Lab > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

term meaning “behind the peritoneum”

A

retroperitoneum

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2
Q

structure that transports urine from bladder to outside

A

urethra

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3
Q

type of nephron with long loops of Henle

A

juxtamedullary nephron

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4
Q

type of nephron with short loops of Henle

A

cortical nephron

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5
Q

triangular area on floor of urinary bladder; consisting of the two posterior openings of the ureters and the anterior urethral opening

A

trigone

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6
Q

smooth muscle layer in urinary bladder

A

detrusor muscle

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7
Q

type of epithelial tissue lining the interior or urinary bladder

A

transitional epithelium

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8
Q

folds in mucosa of urinary bladder

A

rugae

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9
Q

capillary network within the Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerular

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10
Q

capillary network around nephron tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

process that only occurs in the Bowman’s capsule

A

filtration

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12
Q

process where substances are taken back out of the nephron and put back into blood

A

reabsorption

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13
Q

process where substances remaining in blood are actively transported into the nephron

A

secretion

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14
Q

inner region of kidney that contains the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

A

medulla

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15
Q

outer region of kidney that contains the Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules

A

renal cortex

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16
Q

list the structures from the beginning of the formation of filtrate to where urine is expelled to the outside, in order;

A
  1. Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, 2. Proximal convoluted tubule, 3. Loop of Henle, 4. Distal convoluted tubule, 5, Collecting duct, 6. Papillae/papillary duct, 7. Minor calyx, 8. Major calyx, 9. Renal pelvis, 10. Ureter, 11. Urinary bladder, 12. Urethra
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17
Q

list the blood vessels in order of blood flow;

A
  1. Aorta, 2. Renal artery, 3. Segmental artery, 4. Interlobar artery, 5. Arcuate artery, 6. Cortical radiate artery, 7. Afferent arteriole, 8. Glomerulus, 9. Efferent arteriole, 10. Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta, 11. Cortical radiate vein, 12. Arcuate vein, 13. Interlobar vein, 14. Renal vein, 15. Inferior vena cava
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18
Q

functions of the urinary system:

A
  • remove waste products such as urea and ammonia from blood

- regulating the fluid volume, the acid-base balance, and the electrolyte balance of blood

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19
Q

the overall gross anatomy of the urinary system includes the:

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

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20
Q

location of kidneys:

A

posterior abdominal wall

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21
Q

which kidney is slightly lower than the other? why?

A

the right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the liver above it

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22
Q

true or false:

both kidneys are behind the peritoneum

A

true

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23
Q

each kidney has a fibrous renal capsule for what purpose?

A

protection against infection

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24
Q

each kidney has an adipose capsule for what purpose?

A

help cushion and hold the kidney in place

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25
Q

In anorexic patients, the adipose tissue is depleted. This can cause:

A

nephroptosis (where the kidney can drop down too low or even become detached from the wall)

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26
Q

How will nephroptosis affect urine flow?

A
  • builds pressure in the kidneys and damage it

- “kink” the ureter

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27
Q

on the medial side of each kidney is the:

A

hilum

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28
Q

the renal artery and vein, the ureter, nerves, and lymphatic vessels can enter/leave the kidney here:

A

hilum

29
Q

What connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder on its posterior-inferior surface?

A

ureters

30
Q

What prevents urine from backing up into the ureters when the bladder contracts?

A

a small flap of tissue

31
Q

urine is moved down to the urinary bladder by:

A
  • peristalsis
  • gravity
  • hydrostatic pressure
32
Q

urinary bladder location:

A

under the peritoneum at the base of the pelvic cavity

33
Q

urinary bladder function:

A

serves as a temporary storage site for urine

34
Q

How many layers of tissue make up the bladder?

A

three

35
Q

outer layer of the urinary bladder:

A

peritoneum (only on the top of the bladder) and the adventitia on the sides of the bladder

36
Q

middle layer of the urinary bladder:

A

is three layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle; activation of the detrusor muscle will contract the urinary bladder, expelling the urine

37
Q

Certain medications help suppress the activity of the detrusor muscle. Which problem are these medications used to treat?

A
  • overactive bladder, incontienence (bladder leakage)

- medication = detro

38
Q

inner layer of the urinary bladder:

A

mucosa composed of transitional epithelium

39
Q

in an empty bladder, what wrinkles/folds can be seen?

A

rugae

40
Q

Why is the trigone area clinically important?

A

bladder infections usually start and persist in this area

41
Q

the female urethra is short

A

1.5 inches

42
Q

the male urethra is longer than females

A

8 inches (approx.)

43
Q

true or false:

the male urethra is used for both urinary and reproductive systems

A

true

44
Q

There are three regions of the male urethra:

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy (penile) urethra
45
Q

The prostatic urethra:

A

runs through the prostate gland

46
Q

The membranous urethra:

A

is just the section of the urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm

47
Q

true or false:

in both males and females, there are two urethral sphincters to prevent urine from flowing

A

true

48
Q

The internal urethral sphincter:

A

is made of smooth muscle, is located at the opening of the urethra in the bladder wall

49
Q

The external urethral sphincter:

A

is made of skeletal muscle, is located at the urogenital diaphragm

50
Q

When a young child is being potty-trained, which urethral sphincter is he/she learning to control?

A

external urethral sphincter

51
Q

The kidney has three basic regions:

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal sinus
52
Q

The renal cortex:

A

is the outer layer of tissue; it contains the renal corpuscles (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule) and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; the cortex extends down the columns of the medulla

53
Q

The renal medulla region:

A

is made up of the renal pyramids and the columns; the pyramids contain the nephron loops (loops of Henle) and the collecting ducts; the collecting ducts all converge, producing the cone-shaped appearance of the pyramids; at the tips of the pyramids are the papilla - here urine from the collecting ducts drain into the renal sinus; the columns contain the interlobar arteries and veins

54
Q

The renal sinus:

A

is the area next to the hilum; it contains all the urine-collecting structures (the calyces and pelvis), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves; adipose tissues fills up any remaining spaces

55
Q

As urine drains from the papilla (the tips of the pyramids), urine flows to the outside:

A

papilla - minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter

56
Q

The functional unit of the urinary system:

A

nephron

57
Q

There are approximately how many nephrons in each kidney?

A

one million nephrons

58
Q

The structure of the nephron, in order of filtration, is:

A

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule - proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - loop of Henle (nephron loop) - distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - collecting duct

59
Q

There are three physiological processes that occur in the nephron:

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
60
Q

Where is blood filtered?

A

the glomerulus

61
Q

Everything is freely filtered at the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule EXCEPT:

A

erythrocytes (RBC’s) and plasma proteins

62
Q

Finding glucose in the urine would indicate what disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

63
Q

There are two types of nephrons:

A
  • cortical nephrons

- juxtamedullary nephrons

64
Q

Most of the nephrons in the kidney (80-85%); These are primarily found in the cortex of the kidney and have short loops of Henle; Peritubular capillaries are found around these tubules

A

cortical nephrons

65
Q

(15-20% of the total) which have long nephron loops; These long loops extend deep into the medulla pyramids and are covered by the vasa recta capillaries; extremely important in concentrating the urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

66
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is found:

A

where the afferent arteriole and ascending limb of loop of Henle touch (both regulate blood pressure and filtration rate)

67
Q

The macula densa cells are found on one side of the tubule; they regulate by

A

sensing NaCl levels

68
Q

The juxtaglomerular (JG) or granular cells are found in the wall of the afferent arteriole; they regulate

A

blood pressure by producing renin

Anatomy & Physiology II Lab (12 decks)

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