Urinalysis

Question 1

• excretion of glucose in the urine

- causes include too much sugar or diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Glucose / Glycosuria

Question 2

• the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine
• nonpathological causes include excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, or diet; pathological causes include kidney trauma, ingestion of poisons, glomerulonephritits, heart failure, or severe hypertension

Answer 2

Albumin / Albuminuria

Question 3

• presence of blood in urine

- causes include trauma, kidney stones, infection, or neoplasm

Answer 3

Blood / Hematuria

Question 4

• excretion of free hemoglobin in the urine

- causes include transfusion reaction, severe burns, or hemolytic anemias

Answer 4

Hemoglobin / Hemoglobinuria

Question 5

• excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
• small amounts are normal; too much indicates starvation, low-carb diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

Ketones / Ketonuria

Question 6

• presence of bilirubin in the urine

- causes include liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts

Answer 6

Bile pigments / Bilirubinuria

Question 7

(colorless) normally present; none can indicate renal disease or too much can indicate liver disease

Answer 7

Urobilinogen

Question 8

• presence of pus in the urine
• typically from bacterial infection
• usually indicated a UTI (urinary tract infection)

Answer 8

White blood cells / Pyuria

Question 9

• a salt or ester of nitrous acid, containing the anion NO2− or the group —NO2
• indicates a possible bacterial infection (E. coli or other Gram-negative bacteria)

Answer 9

Nitrites

Question 10

(mineral crystals or hardened cell fragments from bacteria, red or white blood cells); indicates a variety of disorders

Answer 10

Casts

Question 11

What is the normal amount of urine that is produced per day (for a healthy adult)?

Answer 11

1.5 liters/day

Question 12

Average pH of urine:

Answer 12

6 (pH can range from 4.5 to 8.2, depending on diet)

Question 13

Specific gravity range of urine:

Answer 13

1.001 (dilute) - 1.028 (concentrated)

Question 14

The yellow color of urine is due to:

Answer 14

urochrome

Question 15

Urine is composed of:

Answer 15

95% water and 5% solutes, mainly urea; also sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid

Question 16

If red litmus paper turns blue, is the substance an acid or a base?

Answer 16

Base

Question 17

If blue litmus paper turns red, is the substance an acid or a base?

Answer 17

Acid

Question 18

Litmus paper can be used to:

Answer 18

determine if a sample is an acid or a base

Question 19

What hormone is the problem in Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 19

Antidiuretic Hormone aka ADH

Question 20

Diabetes Insipidus - hyper or hypo secretion of ADH?

Answer 20

hyposecretion

Question 21

What gland stores ADH?

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

Specifically, what structure produces ADH?

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

What is the clinical term for excessive thirst?

Answer 23

polydipsia

Question 24

What is the clinical term for excessive urination?

Answer 24

polyuria

Question 25

Presence of glucose and ketones in the urine generally indicated what disorder?

Answer 25

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 26

What hormone is the problem in Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 26

insulin

Question 27

Diabetes Mellitus - hyper or hypo secretion of insulin?

Answer 27

hyposecretion

Question 28

What gland produces insulin?

Answer 28

pancreas

Question 29

What is the clinical term for excessive hunger?

Answer 29

polyphagia

Question 30

In some clinical cases, the urine may have a dark, brownish color. What would cause this disorder?

Answer 30

blood

Question 31

If antibodies become trapped in the kidney causing an inflammatory response/damaging the area, which specific part of the nephron is affected?

Answer 31

glomerulus capillary

Question 32

Is the glomerulus capillary located in the cortex, medulla, or pelvis portion of the kidney?

Answer 32

cortex