Urinalysis Flashcards
- excretion of glucose in the urine
- causes include too much sugar or diabetes mellitus
Glucose / Glycosuria
- the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine
- nonpathological causes include excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, or diet; pathological causes include kidney trauma, ingestion of poisons, glomerulonephritits, heart failure, or severe hypertension
Albumin / Albuminuria
- presence of blood in urine
- causes include trauma, kidney stones, infection, or neoplasm
Blood / Hematuria
- excretion of free hemoglobin in the urine
- causes include transfusion reaction, severe burns, or hemolytic anemias
Hemoglobin / Hemoglobinuria
- excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
- small amounts are normal; too much indicates starvation, low-carb diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus
Ketones / Ketonuria
- presence of bilirubin in the urine
- causes include liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts
Bile pigments / Bilirubinuria
(colorless) normally present; none can indicate renal disease or too much can indicate liver disease
Urobilinogen
- presence of pus in the urine
- typically from bacterial infection
- usually indicated a UTI (urinary tract infection)
White blood cells / Pyuria
- a salt or ester of nitrous acid, containing the anion NO2− or the group —NO2
- indicates a possible bacterial infection (E. coli or other Gram-negative bacteria)
Nitrites
(mineral crystals or hardened cell fragments from bacteria, red or white blood cells); indicates a variety of disorders
Casts
What is the normal amount of urine that is produced per day (for a healthy adult)?
1.5 liters/day
Average pH of urine:
6 (pH can range from 4.5 to 8.2, depending on diet)
Specific gravity range of urine:
1.001 (dilute) - 1.028 (concentrated)
The yellow color of urine is due to:
urochrome
Urine is composed of:
95% water and 5% solutes, mainly urea; also sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid
If red litmus paper turns blue, is the substance an acid or a base?
Base
If blue litmus paper turns red, is the substance an acid or a base?
Acid
Litmus paper can be used to:
determine if a sample is an acid or a base
What hormone is the problem in Diabetes Insipidus?
Antidiuretic Hormone aka ADH
Diabetes Insipidus - hyper or hypo secretion of ADH?
hyposecretion
What gland stores ADH?
posterior pituitary
Specifically, what structure produces ADH?
hypothalamus
What is the clinical term for excessive thirst?
polydipsia
What is the clinical term for excessive urination?
polyuria
Presence of glucose and ketones in the urine generally indicated what disorder?
Diabetes Mellitus
What hormone is the problem in Diabetes Mellitus?
insulin
Diabetes Mellitus - hyper or hypo secretion of insulin?
hyposecretion
What gland produces insulin?
pancreas
What is the clinical term for excessive hunger?
polyphagia
In some clinical cases, the urine may have a dark, brownish color.
What would cause this disorder?
blood
If antibodies become trapped in the kidney causing an inflammatory response/damaging the area, which specific part of the nephron is affected?
glomerulus capillary
Is the glomerulus capillary located in the cortex, medulla, or pelvis portion of the kidney?
cortex
