Respiratory System Flashcards
Rests on the diaphragm
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Both
Divided into lobules
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Both
Anchored at the hilum
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Both
Enclosed by the pleura
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Both
Cardiac notch
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Left
Has two fissures
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Left
Three lobes
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Right
Two lobes
Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?
Left
Air flows out of the lungs
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Expiration
Air flows into the lungs
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Inspiration
External intercostal muscles may contract
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Inspiration
Elastic recoil decreases size of alveoli
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Expiration
Internal intercostal muscles may contract
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Inspiration
Lung volume increases
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Inspiration
Lung volume decreases
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Expiration
Diaphragm contracts
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Inspiration
Diaphragm relaxes
Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?
Expiration
Connects the larynx to the bronchi
Trachea
Wall that separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Palate
Food passageway posterior to the trachea
Esophagus
Covers the glottis during swallowing of food
Epiglottis
Contains the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Larynx
Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax
Parietal pleura
Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration
Phrenic nerve
Site where oxygen enters the pulmonary blood
Alveolus
Serous layer that forms outer surface of lungs
Visceral pleura
Opening between the vocal folds
Glottis
Location of the tonsils
Pharynx
Functions of the nasal cavity:
- warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs
- sense of smell
How many regions is the pharynx divided into?
Three
What are the names of the three regions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngeal Pharynx (aka laryngopharynx or hypopharynx)
The region of the pharynx that contains the openings to the auditory tubes (tubal tonsils are located around the openings)
Nasopharynx
Which other tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal
The region of the pharynx that is located directly behind the oral cavity
Oropharynx
Which two tonsils are located in the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsil and Lingual tonsil
The most inferior region of the pharynx; At this level the openings to the larynx and the esophagus are found
Laryngeal pharynx
“voice box” made of nine pieces of cartilage
Larynx
The three largest pieces of cartilage in the larynx
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
The most superior cartilage; made of elastic cartilage and functions to fold over during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the larynx
Epiglottis
The largest cartilage covering most of the anterior and lateral edges of the larynx
The “Adam’s apple” is part of this cartilage - “shield” in the front
Thyroid Cartilage
The most inferior cartilage that forms a ring just superior to the start of the trachea
Wider in the back than it is in the front
Cricoid Cartilage
Internally, the mucous membrane forms two folds called:
- Vestibular Fold
- Vocal Fold (vocal cords)
Upper fold of the mucous membrane called the
Vestibular Fold
Lower fold of the mucous membrane called the
Vocal Fold (vocal cords)
The vocal folds and space between them are together called the
Glottis
When air moves past the vocal cords, the vibrations produce
Sounds
Tube that is approximately 4.5 inches long that is supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
Trachea (or Windpipe)
Is there cartilage on the back side of the trachea where the esophagus is located?
No
This is to allow the esophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing
At the end of the trachea, the tube branches into the
bronchial “tree”
Would you have difficulty breathing if a large piece of food got lodged six inches down the esophagus?
Most likely not
Would you have difficulty breathing if a piece of food was stuck three inches down the esophagus?
Yes, difficulty breathing
The base of each lung rests on the
Diaphargm
The most superior portion of the lungs comes to a rounded point known as the
Apex
How many lobes is the right lung composed of?
Three; superior, middle, and inferior
How many lobes is the left lung composed of?
Two; superior and inferior
The ________ sits in the cardiac impression on the left lung - a cardiac notch is seen anteriorly.
heart
The medial area of each lung where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the primary bronchi enter the lungs
Hilum
The outer surface of each lung is lined with a serous membrane called the
visceral pleura
The thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm is lined with a membrane called the
parietal pleura
The pleura cavity (the space between the two linings) contains
serous (pleural) fluid
What is the function of serous/pleural fluid?
reduce friction and make the two membranes stick to each other
The bronchial “tree” bas approximately how many branches?
25 branchings
The first branch after the trachea is called the
primary (or main) bronchus
Bronchus
is singular
Bronchi
is plural
Where does the primary bronchi enter the lungs?
The hilum
Is the right or left bronchus more vertical, shorter, and wider?
Right bronchus
Which side will an aspirated object more likely lodge?
Right side
Each primary bronchus will divide into a
secondary (lobar) bronchi
- these enter the lobes of the lungs
How many secondary bronchi are on the right side?
3
How many secondary bronchi are on the left side?
2
What does the secondary bronchus divide into?
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- enters the bronchopulmonary segments (10 on the right side; 8 on the left)
- continue to divide, becoming smaller and smaller; these small bronchioles enter a pulmonary lobule
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
The final branchings are:
bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolus
Four basic functions of the respiratory system:
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- External Respiration
- Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Internal Respiration
the rhythmic movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)
pulmonary ventilation
the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood
external respiration
between the lungs and the tissue cells of the body
transport of respiratory gases
the gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells of the body
internal respiration
- to change the pressure in your lungs, you must change the volume
- as volume decreases, pressure increases
this inverse relationship is called…..
Boyle’s Law
an active process requiring muscle contraction (and ATP)
Inhalation (or inspiration)
Do the external intercostals contract during inhalation or or exhalation?
Inhalation (or inspiration)
For air to go in, intrapulmonary pressure must be less than atmospheric pressure. So we must (increase OR decrease) the volume of the lungs?
Increase
normally a passive process, requiring only the relaxation of muscles
Exhalation (or expiration)
For air to go out, the intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than atmospheric pressure. The volume of the lungs must (increase OR decrease)?
Decrease
Exhalation (or expiration) is accomplished by:
- diaphragm and intercostals relax
- elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
- inward pull of alveolar fluid caused by surface tension
Forced exhalation uses ______ and ________
- abdominal
- internal intercostals
Pulmonary ventilation can also affect the ______ ________ of the blood.
acid-base balance
Is pH below 7.35 considered acidosis or alkalosis?
Acidosis
Is pH above 7.45 considered acidosis or alkalosis?
Alkalosis
An abnormally low amount of CO2 in the blood can cause:
alkalosis
An abnormally high amount of CO2 in the blood can cause:
acidosis
volume of one breath inhaled (or exhaled)
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
residual volume (RV)
amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; decreases with age
vital capacity (VC)
