Endocrine System Flashcards
Six anterior pituitary hormones:
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone
Two posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) targets:
ovaries & testes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets:
adrenal cortex of adrenal gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets:
thyroid gland
Prolactin (PRL) targets:
mammary glands & testes
Growth hormone (GH) targets:
liver, muscle, bone cartilage, and most other cells
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets:
kidneys
Oxytocin (OT) targets:
uterus & mammary glands
stimulates target organ to secrete its hormones:
tropic hormone
anterior pituitary tropic hormones:
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
anterior pituitary non-tropic hormones:
GH & PRL
FSH stimulates:
sex cell production (ovaries/testes) & estrogen
LH stimulates:
hormonal activity of gonads (ovaries/testes) & ovulation
ACTH regulates:
endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids
TSH promotes:
normal development & activity of thyroid
GH stimulates:
growth of all body tissues especially skeletal muscle and bone
PRL stimulates:
breast development, promotes & maintains lactation by mammary glands (after childbirth)
Stimulated by cervical/uterine stretch & suckling infant; positive feedback mechanism:
Oxytocin
Influences water balance, targets the kidneys; helps to avoid dehydration by preventing urine formation i.e., helps body conserve water
Antidiuretic hormone
Adrenal cortex: produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones collectively called:
corticosteroids
Mainly aldosterone, regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules; main function is to target kidneys, stimulates Na+ reabsorption & H2O retention; elimination of K+
Mineralcorticoids
Mainly cortisol, targets most cells, helps the body resist stress by increasing blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acid level & blood pressure
Glucocorticoids
Mainly androgens (sex hormones released from cortex - converted to testosterone or estrogen, but not progesterone), main function male development and reproductive physiology
Gonadocorticoids
Maturation of female reproductive organs, appearance of female secondary sexual characteristics, breast development and cyclic changes in the uterus:
Estrogen and Progesterone
Targets uterus and promotes maintenance of uterine lining necessary for successful pregnancy:
Progesterone
Promotes development and maintenance of female sex characteristics; helps prepare breast tissue for lactation:
Estrogen
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive, necessary for normal sperm production, maintains reproductive organs in their functional state:
Testosterone
Most potent stimulator of the heart & metabolic activities:
Epinephrine (80%)
More influence on peripheral vasoconstriction & blood pressure:
Norepinephrine (20%)
Primary function is to control rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation (affects virtually every cell in the body); really 2 physiology active hormones (T4 and T3):
Thyroid hormone
Decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones (antagonist to parathyroid hormone)
Calcitonin
Targets skeletal (bone), intestines & kidneys; secreted in response to hypocalcemia; regulates calcium balance in blood; stimulates osteoclasts (bone destroyers) to digest bone matrix; enhances reabsorption Ca2+, increases absorption of Ca2+; Rising Ca2+ in the blood inhibits further release of this hormone
Parathyroid Hormone
Targets liver; released by alpha cells when blood levels of glucose are low; stimulates liver to release glucose to the blood; antagonist to insulin
Glucagon
Targets most tissues; released by beta cells when level of blood glucose rises; increases rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells; antagonizes the effects of glucagon
Insulin
Hypersecretion of ADH causes:
SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion; edema, headache & disorientation
Hyposecretion of ADH causes:
Diabetes insipidus (insatiable thirst aka polydipsia; excessive urination aka polyuria)
Hypersecretion of TSH causes:
Graves Disease; autoimmune disease; antibodies mimic TSH so it causes too much thyroid hormone to be released
Hyposecretion of TSH causes:
Adult Myxedema, child cretinism, mental retardation, &physical sluggishness, obese, cold intolerant
Hyperparathyroidism causes:
(Tumor): bones soften and deform, elevated Ca2+ depresses the nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones
Hypoparathyroidism causes:
(Gland trauma or removal): tetany, respiratory paralysis, & death
Insulin hypersecretion causes:
Hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness
Insulin hyposecretion results in:
Diabetes mellitus; polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Hypersecretion of GH:
Child gigantism, adult acromegaly
Hyposecretion of GH:
Child pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion of Aldosterone:
Aldosteronism (hypertension & edema due to excessive Na+; excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons & muscles)
Hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids:
Addison’s Disease
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in:
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hyposecretion of glucoroticoids and mineralcorticoids results in:
Addison’s Disease
