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Anatomy & Physiology II Lab > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the digestive system?

A

To break down food into molecules small enough to pass through the plasma membrane of the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

The breakdown of food is termed

A

“digestion”

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3
Q

The movement of molecules through the wall of the GI tract to enter either blood capillaries or lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)

A

“absorption”

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4
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are also called

A

lacteals

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5
Q

The anatomical structures of the digestive system can be divided into the:

A
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

- Accessory organs

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6
Q

The GI tract (or digestive tract or alimentary canal) extends from the

A

mouth to the anus

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7
Q

The accessory organs (which produce secretions that are released into the GI tract) include what organs?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands

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8
Q

The liver and gallbladder secrete:

A

bile (aids in fat digestion)

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9
Q

The pancreas secretes:

A 
- sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes acids)
and the enzymes: 
- tripsin (proteins)
- amylase (carbs)
- lipase (triglycerides)
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10
Q

The salivary glands secrete:

A

amylase (carbs)

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11
Q

Most of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of four layers of tissues:

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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12
Q

The innermost layer of tissue in the GI tract; In most areas it is simple columnar epithelium that is replaced approximately every 5-7 days; In areas of high abrasion (such as the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal), this epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium similar to your epidermis

A

mucosa

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13
Q

The connective tissue layer in the GI tract with blood vessels, glands, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

A

submucosa

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14
Q

The layer of tissue of the GI tract that is usually composed of two layers of smooth muscle that produce waves of contraction called peristalsis to propel food through the GI tract; In certain areas, the circular muscle is thickened to form valves called sphincters that regulate the passage of materal

A

muscularis externa

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15
Q

The thin outer layer of tissue of the GI tract that is also known as the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

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16
Q

In areas without a serosa (such as the esophagus), the outer layer is called the

A

adventitia

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17
Q

The wall of the abdominal cavity is also lined with a serous membrane. This is called the

A

parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

What does “retroperitoneal” mean?

A

behind the peritoneum

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19
Q

Several extensions of the peritoneum help to hold the organs loosely in place. These include the:

A
  • Greater omentum

- Messentery

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20
Q

A membranous “apron” attached to the greater curvature of stomach that covers the intestines; It contains a large quantity of lymph nodes and fat

A

Greater omentum

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21
Q

A membrane that loosely holds the small intestine to the posterior wall

A

Messentery

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22
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands produce saliva for the oral cavity:

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
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23
Q

Glands found anterior to the ears; the opening of the ducts is found in the cheeks

A

Parotid

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24
Q

Glands found along the body of the mandible

A

Submandibular

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25
Q

Glands found under the tongue

A

Sublingual

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26
Q

The primary function of the oral cavity is

A

Mastication (chewing), mixing the food with saliva, and forming a bolus for swallowing. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which starts digestion.

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27
Q

The regions of the pharynx used by the digestive system are the

A

oropharynx and the laryngeal pharynx

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28
Q

The nasopharynx is closed off by what two structures during swallowing?

A

soft palate and uvula

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29
Q

What requires the coordination of several structures so food passes into the esophagus and not into the larynx or up into the nasopharynx?

A

deglutition (swallowing)

30
Q

What structure folds down to close off the opening to the larynx during swallowing?

A

epiglottis

31
Q

A collapsible muscular tube found posterior to the trachea. It travels through a hole in the diaphragm called the hiatus and joins the stomach.

A

esophagus

32
Q

Sphincter found at the beginning of the esophagus:

A

upper esophageal sphincter

33
Q

Sphincter found at the end of the esophagus:

A

lower esophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter)

34
Q

If the lower esophageal sphincter is malfunctioning, what disorder is produced?

A

acid reflux

35
Q

A bolus is pushed down the stomach by muscular contractions called

A

peristalsis

36
Q

The stomach consists of four regions:

A

the cardiac region, fundus (fundic region), body, and pyloric region

37
Q

The two sphincters in the stomach are:

A

the lower esophageal (or cardiac) sphincter and the pyloric sphincter
(regulates the passage of chyme out of the stomach into the duodenum

38
Q

The mucosa of the stomach has many folds called:

A

rugae (allows room for expansion)

39
Q

The stomach is the only digestive organ with three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa, this allows the stomach to:

A

produce waves (peristalsis) that help mix gastric juices with the food

40
Q

The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid as well as the enzymes:

A

pepsin and gastric lipase

41
Q

The small intestine is composed of three sections:

A

the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

42
Q

The first 10 inches of the small intestine. The secretions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas enter here.

A

the duodenum

43
Q

Makes up 40% of the small intestine

A

the jejunum

44
Q

Makes up 60% of the small intestine

A

the ileum

45
Q

At the end of the ileum, what valve regulates passage of material into the large intestine?

A

ileocecal valve (or sphincter)

46
Q

Most of the digestion and most of the absorption occurs where?

A

in the small intestine

47
Q

The large intestine has four regions:

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

48
Q

The colon’s longitudinal muscle layer forms three thick bands called the taeniae coli/teniae coli, which form pouches called

A

haustrum

49
Q

The primary function of the large intestine is

A

absorption and elimination of feces

50
Q

The main substance that is absorbed by the large intestine even though most absorption of this substance occurs in the small intestine

A

water

51
Q

The only chemical digestion in the large intestine is by the

A

resident bacteria

52
Q

Where is the feces temporarily stored until it can be defecated?

A

the rectum

53
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

54
Q

The liver is divided into the left and right lobes by the

A 
falciform ligament 
(which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall)
55
Q

The primary function of the liver in the digestive system is to produce

A

bile

56
Q

The hard palate is formed by what bones?

A

two maxillae bones and two palatine bones

57
Q

Lips (labia), vestibule, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and tongue on the floor of the mouth are all structures of:

A

the oral cavity

58
Q

The bolus that was previously swallowed eventually becomes:

A

chyme

59
Q

Throughout the small intestine are folds that increase surface area; what are these folds called?

A

Circular Folds (plicae circulares)

60
Q

Circular folds of the small intestine increase surface area for:

A
  • absorption
  • spiraling food through the intestine

(this serves the slow down the movement of food, increasing time for digestion and absorption)

61
Q

The small intestine enter the large intestine at the:

A

cecum

62
Q

This is a blind pouch that has the appendix attached:

A

cecum

63
Q

The colon is divided into:

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
64
Q

90 degree turn between the transverse and descending colon called the:

A

splenic (or left colic) flexure

65
Q

90 degree turn between the ascending and transverse colon called the:

A

hepatic (or right colic) flexure

66
Q

The colon’s longitudinal muscle layer forms three thick bands called the:

A

taeniae coli/teniae coli

67
Q

The taenia coli/teniae coli forms pouches called:

A

haustrum

68
Q

Region of the large intestine that contains the internal and external anal sphincters (similar to urethral sphincters

A

anal canal

69
Q

Which sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle?

Hint: voluntary

A

external

70
Q

Which sphincter is smooth muscle?

Hint: involuntary

A

internal

71
Q

What is the only chemical digestion in the large intestine?

A

The vitamins produced by the bacteria (Vitamin K and some B vitamins) are absorbed and used by our bodies

  • By the resident bacteria
72
Q

Bile is stored and concentrated up to 20x within the:

A

gallbladder

Anatomy & Physiology II Lab (12 decks)

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