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Anatomy 200 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of kidney.

A

Filters blood; byproduct = urine

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2
Q

Function of ureter.

A

Transports blood filtrate byproduct (urine) from kidney to bladder.

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3
Q

Function of urinary bladder.

A

Stores urine.

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4
Q

Function of urethra.

A

Excretes urine to external environment.

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5
Q

Functions of urinary system (4).

A
  • regulate blood volume + ionic composition
  • regulate blood pH (excrete H+)
  • regulate BP (H20 loss, secretes renin)
  • excretes nitrogenous waste, toxins, drugs
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6
Q

Why is urine acidic?

A

H+ ions are a byproduct of metabolic activity - high release of H+ free floating within blood –> excreted thru urine

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7
Q

Why do our bodies have nitrogenous waste?

A

Breakdown of protein products into constituent components (i.e. amino acids)

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8
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A
  • retroperitoneal space
  • Left: T12 - L2
  • Right: L1 - L3 (b/c liver)
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9
Q

What are the 3 layers [of fat] surrounding the kidney (in closest contact to kidney outwards)?

A
  • perirenal fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal fat
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10
Q

T/F

The renal fascia extends between the kidney and suprarenal gland.

A

True.

This allows us to remove a kidney w/o disturbing the adrenal gland.

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11
Q

T/F

The renal fascia remains open down towards the pelvic cavity.

A

True.
The renal fascia does not surround the base of the kidney. Therefore, any tumour growth can move inferior into the pelvic cavity.

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12
Q

What is the function of the renal papilla (inside the kidney)?

A

At apex of pyramid - collecting ducts found within the pyramid where the urine that is produced is conducted down into the central holding space (calyx).

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13
Q

What is the function of the calyx? What is it attached to?

A
  • holding area for urine which then drains into renal pelvis

- attached to renal papilla and renal pelvis (where urine exits kidney)

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14
Q

Renal arteries branch into 5 _________ arteries, which further divide into _______ arteries (lie in b/n the lobes). The latter sends a branch along the base of the pyramid known as _______ arteries.

A
  • segmental arteries (5)
  • interlobular arteries (b/n lobes)
  • arcuate arteries (wrap around pyramids)

**Note: interlobular and arcuate arteries do NOT connect - there is a break in the artery, NOT continuous

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15
Q

What is is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Part of nephron (functional unit) which lies within the lobule; feeds off blood from afferent arterioles

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16
Q

T/F

The number of nephrons in a lobule are dependent on the number of afferent arterioles within the lobule.

A

True.

Several hundred will exist within any given space.

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17
Q

T/F

You can lose about 90% of nephrons and still have a kidney that functions.

A

True.

- approx 1 million nephrons/ kidney

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18
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Produces filtrate from blood to filter within the nephron

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19
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

ABSORBS water, ions, organic nutrients

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20
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle aka nephron loop?

A

descending - further reabsorption of H2O

ascending - reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

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21
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Secretion of ions, acid, toxins
  • Variable reabsorption of H2O, ions
  • **controlled by ALDOSTERONE
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22
Q

What is the function of the collecting tubule?

A
  • makes up renal pyramids
  • Variable reabsorption of H2O, ions (sodium, potassium, hydrogen, bicarbonate)
  • **controlled by ADH (helps you RETAIN H2O-affects permeability of ducts/tubules)
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23
Q

Function of the nephron

A
  • filter blood in renal corpuscle: blood cells, large proteins cannot pass
  • small proteins, ions, metabolites, dissolved weights pass
  • water, ions, etc reabsorbed (selectively brought back)
24
Q

2 types of nephrons:

A
  • cortical - 75-80% (mostly in cortex)
  • juxtamedullary - 20-25%
    (along border of cortex/ medulla; very LONG loop of Henle [imp for urine concentration])
25
Q

How many filtration layers do glomerulars have within the Bowman’s capsule? Describe each layer.

A

Three. From endothelial side:

1) fenestration pore of glomerular - prevents passage of blood cells
2) basal lamina - prevents passage of larger proteins
3) slit membrane b/n pedicels (finger-like projections of podocyte) - prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins

26
Q

The bed of capillaries within a renal corpuscle is known as a ________.

A

Glomerulus

27
Q

The renal corpuscle has ___ layers of tissue.

A

Two.

1) Bowman’s capsule itself (parietal layer)
2) Podocyte (visceral layer)

28
Q

The space b/n the parietal and visceral layer within the renal corpuscle is called _______.

A

Bowman’s space - filled w/ filtrate (components of blood squeezed out b/n podocytes).

29
Q

Where does the filtrate drain into once in the Bowman’s space?

A

Enters the proximal convoluted tubule (picture: nephron).

30
Q

What is the visceral layer of tissue within the renal corpuscle called? What is its function?

A

PODOCYTE.

  • surrounds glomerular capillaries
  • “foot processes” will interdigitate w/ another podocyte to create slits: used as filter
31
Q

What is the name of the “foot processes” that extend from the podocyte, wrapping itself around the glomerular capillaries?

A

Pedicel

32
Q

What is the function of the papillary duct?

A
  • Delivery of urine to calyces
33
Q

What are the structural differences b/n proximal vs distal convoluted tubules?

A

Proximal: has microvilli, larger lumen
Distal: smaller lumen, no villi, less compacted cells

34
Q

Which region of the nephron is controlled by aldosterone?

A

Distal convoluted tubule (secretion, some reabsorption)

- controls composition of material present in blood

35
Q

Which region of the nephron is controlled by ADH?

A

Collecting ducts + tubules

- variable reabsorption of H2O, ions

36
Q

What exists within the space of the nephron to affect urine [filtrate] concentration?

A

Salt gradient (along entire medulla - increase probability of drawing more water into interstitial tissue). Highest concentration in loop of Henle, collecting tubule.

37
Q

What is distinctive about the cortical nephron’s blood supply?

A

Efferent arteriole forms capillary bed around tubules (disorganized system of vasculature).

38
Q

What is special about the juxtamedullary nephron’s blood supply?

A
  • “vasa recta” travels straight down along w/ loop of Henle

- carries away H2O to preserve salt gradient

39
Q

What are the cells in contact with the arterioles within the juxtaglomerular apparatus - monitor electrolyte concentration?

A

Macula densa (dense, compact)

40
Q

What is the function of JGA cells?

A
  • influenced by macula densa
  • controls diameter of afferent (in) arteriole
  • secrete renin (elevates BP)
    = affects BP and volume into glomerulus
41
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle that makes up the bladder?

A 
Detrusor muscle 
(contains rugae [folds] on endothelium to allow capacity to expand)
42
Q

What kind of epithelium does the bladder have along its lumen?

A

Transitional epithelium (needs to accommodate stretch)

43
Q

What kind of epithelium does the urethra have along its lumen?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (like skin - will be sloughing off surface lining as acidic urine is released)

44
Q

What kind of muscle is the urethra mainly composed of?

A

Smooth muscle.

45
Q

Where do are mucous glands found within the urethra? What is their main function?

A

In lamina propria - maintains moisture within urethra, provides physical barrier for anything crawling up urethra.

46
Q

What kind of epithelium does the ureter have along its lumen?

A

Transitional epithelium (thicker - can have a fair amount of distention)

47
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle around the ureter?

A

Squeezes from top (by renal pelvis) to ureter

48
Q

What is the passage of the uretic tube from the kidney to the bladder?

A

Travels behind most of the blood vessels until passing iliac vessels anteriorly, attaching to posterior side of bladder.

49
Q

In renal vessels, does the artery or vein run deeper within the body?

A

Renal artery.

Think: ART = deep

50
Q

The inferior vena cava runs more towards the right side of the body. What are the effects of this placement?

A

Right renal vein is shorter than the left.

51
Q

What two veins drain into the left renal vein? Why is this important?

A
  • left gonadal vein
  • left suprarenal vein
  • -> need to ligate veins during removal of kidneys
52
Q

The abdominal aorta sits more towards the left side of the body. What are the effects of this placement?

A

Left renal artery is shorter than the right.

53
Q

Name the 3 sites of ureteric constriction.

A

1) utereropelvic junction (kidney meets ureter)
2) crossing iliac vessels
3) ureterovesical junction (ureter meets bladder)

54
Q

Where do kidney stones begin developing?

A

Within the minor/ major calyces of the kidney –> passes into the ureteric tubes (squeezed by peristaltic waves downwards)

55
Q

What are the kidneys and ureters innervated by?

A

autonomic nervous system (T10 - L1/2)

56
Q

Why does pain from kidney stones start from the back?

A

Kidneys located on posterior side of peritoneum (T10). As it travels down the ureter, the pain goes lower, coming anterior as it passes iliac vessels into bladder > urethra > felt in genital/ groin area (L1-2)

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

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