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Anatomy 200 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is composed of (2):

A
  • brain (forebrain/ midbrain/ hindbrain)

- spinal cord

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2
Q

The PNS is composed of:

A

(everything else)

  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • peripheral ganglia
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3
Q

2 types of cells within the nervous system:

A
  • neurons (conduct signals)

- neuroglia (support cells for neurons - maintenance)

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4
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

Approx 100 billion neurons

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5
Q

Neurons form connections to other cells via _______.

A

synapses

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6
Q

T/F

Each neuron has about 100,000 connections with other neurons.

A

True

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7
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS is called a _______.

A

nucleus

diff than that of a cell - nerve cell bodies like to stay clumped together

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8
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a ________.

A

ganglion

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9
Q

Part of neuron that brings info INTO cell body; stimulated by environment.

A

dendrite

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10
Q

Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse towards a synaptic terminal.

A

axon

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11
Q

Nissel bodies (in neuron)

A
  • aids in production + dispersal of proteins and peptides

- resides in cytoplasm of neuron soma

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12
Q

The initial segment of an axon, where it connects to the soma of the neuron. This is important for how the nerve fires/ depolarizes.

A

Axon Hillock

maximizes communication b/n nerves + cells

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13
Q

Phospholipid layers covering an axon (shields contact w/ interstitial fluid). It improves the speed of an action potential.

A

Myelin sheath

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14
Q

Individual myelinated cells that are wrapped around an axon to speed up conductive impulse.

A 
Schwann cell 
(type of glial cell)
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15
Q

Side branches of an axon.

A

axon collateral

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16
Q

Synaptic bouton

A

The end of an axon terminal where one neuron synapses on another.

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17
Q

What causes summation of the initial segment of the Axon Hillock?

A

[excitatory input] + [inhibitory input] = summation = threshold potential?
–> if threshold potential is reached, the neuron will fire.
THINK: threshold potential of Na+, K+ ion channels opening/closing

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18
Q

This type of neuron has two poles separated by a cell body. It is found in special sense cells (i.e. sight).

A

Bipolar neuron

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19
Q

This type of neuron has its cell body situated to one side. It is predominant in the sensory nervous system aka sensation (touch).

A

Unipolar neuron

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20
Q

This type of neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon. Most neurons are classified as this.

A

Multipolar neuron

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21
Q

Give 5 examples of multipolar neuron cells.

A
  • pyramidal cell (cortex)
  • purkinje cell (cerebellum)
  • stellate cell
  • granule cell
  • basket cell
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22
Q

2 types of neuroglia found in PNS

A
  • SATELLITE CELL (surround neuron cell bodies; maintains homeostatic environ. for efficiency in metabolic function)
  • SCHWANN CELL (surround axons; assists in repair process)
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23
Q

4 types of neuroglia found in CNS

A
  • OLIGODENDROCYTE (myelinate axons - sometimes >1 axon/ cell)
  • ASTROCYTE (maintains homeostatic balance around nerve cell body)
  • MICROGLIA (remove pathogens+ waste via phagocytosis)
  • EPENDYMAL (line inside lumen of nerve, brain; produces+ maintains cerebrospinal fluid)
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24
Q

What is the function of spinal meninges? Name its 3 layers from superficial to deep.

A
  • provides protection by covering the spinal cord and its neural tissue.
  • dura mater > arachnoid mater > pia mater
    (think: DAP - don’t approach penis?)
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25
Q

Spinal meninges:

- thick, dense, strong fibrous tissue on outside covering of brain and spinal cord

A

dura mater

think: fibrous = durable matter

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26
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • intermediate meningeal layer
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • cerebrospinal fluid (shock absorber + diffusion medium for nutrients/waste)
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27
Q

Spinal meninges:
- deepest layer, in intimate contact w/ brain tissue; firmly bound to underlying neural tissue (outermost layer of brain tissue)

A

pia mater

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28
Q

T/F

The CNS floats in cerebrospinal fluid.

A

True.

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29
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A
  • cerebrum (think: umbrella - largest part)
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
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30
Q

5 functions of cerebrum

A

1) higher COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS (thought, creativity, planning)
2) LANG. & SPEECH (formulation, comprehension)
3) somatic MOTOR FUNCTION (skeletal muscle activity, coordinates movement - basal ganglia)
4) somatic SENSORY function (interpret stimuli from environ.)
5) regulates EMOTIONAL aspects of behaviour

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31
Q

What is the basal ganglia (cerebrum) responsible for?

A
  • regulates and coordinates movement [somatic motor function]
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32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outside
  • GREY matter
  • made of: neuronal cell bodies
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33
Q

Cerebral medulla

A
  • inside
  • WHITE matter
  • made of: axons
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34
Q

Name the 3 poles of the cerebrum.

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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35
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum.

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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36
Q

Which lobe controls vision?

A

occipital lobe

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37
Q

Which lobe controls perception of self in space and sensory?

A 
parietal lobe
(think: Perception = Parietal)
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38
Q

Which lobe controls higher cognitive functions such as planning, strategy and motor skills?

A

frontal lobe

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39
Q

Which lobe controls memory, hearing, learning and social behaviour?

A 
temporal lobe 
(think: hearing @ ears = temporal)
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40
Q

Where does the motor homunculus exist along the cortex of the brain?

A 
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) 
- most space dedicated to hands and face
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41
Q

Where does the sensory homunculus exist along the cortex of the brain?

A 
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
- most area dedicated to upper extremity and face
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42
Q

Name the 3 types of fibre tracts in the brain and their locations.

A
  • PROJECTION fibres (cortex to other)
  • ASSOCIATION fibres (cortex to cortex)
  • COMMISSURAL fibres (interhemispheric)
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43
Q

Which type of fibre tract connects portions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres (think: lateral// short and long)

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44
Q

Which type of fibre tract connects the cerebral cortex to other regions of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Projection fibres (think: more vertical)

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45
Q

What type of fibre tract has interhemispheric connections?

A

Commissural fibres

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46
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cerebellum (bell-shaped)?

A
  • compares and corrects intended vs evolving movement
  • ensures smooth, coordinated, purposeful movements (skilled)
  • regulates posture + balance
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47
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A
  • disease of cerebellum
  • intention tremor – > reduced ability to effect control of movements
  • lack of balance/ coordination
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48
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain (superior)
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata (inferior)
  • -> THINK: mighty penis me
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49
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relays sensory info to the brain

- acts as a centre for pain perception

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50
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • homeostatic functions within the body
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51
Q

What are the 5 functions of the brainstem?

A

1) motor + sensory connections from cortex/thalamus to spinal cord
2) houses cranial nerve nuclei (origins of CNs)
3) Reticular Activating System (arousal of cortex, consciousness)
4) regulate HR, breathing
5) regulates swallowing, gag reflex

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52
Q

What is another word for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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53
Q

Ventricles of the Brain:

The anterior, posterior and inferior horns collectively constitute the _________ ventricle?

A

lateral ventricle

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54
Q

T/F
The central canal within the spinal cord enlarges to the fourth ventricle as it moves towards the brain, eventually growing into the third ventricle.

A

True.

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55
Q

T/F

The fourth ventricle of the spinal cord in the brain lies between the midbrain and cerebellum.

A

False.

The fourth ventricle lies between the PONS and the cerebellum

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56
Q

T/F

The third ventricle lies between the thalamuses.

A

True.

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57
Q

Why is the midbrain responsible for Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • substantia nigra regulates motor activity + neuronal degeneration (Park’s)
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58
Q

The substantia nigra and red nucleus (regulator of motor activity) are found in which part of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

also a relay centre for visual + auditory pathways; CN 3+4

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59
Q

Why does the Pons of the brainstem have such a big belly?

A

Houses axons travelling b/n cerebrum + cerebellum

CN 5-8

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60
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Contains vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres.

CN 9-12

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61
Q

Which artery in the brain connects the anterior+posterior blood supply?

A

Posterior communicating artery

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62
Q

Which artery in the brain connects the R/L hemisphere blood supplies?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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63
Q

Differentiate the functions of the anterior/ middle/ posterior cerebral arteries.

A
  • ANTERIOR: supplies blood to many diff (anterior) regions
  • MIDDLE - supplies blood to anterior brain
  • POSTERIOR - supplies blood to temporal + occipital lobes
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64
Q

Which artery in the brain supplies the anterior region of the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

65
Q

Which artery in the brain supplies the posterior region of the brain?

A

Vertebral artery

66
Q

Name of the artery made by two vertebral arteries fusing together on the anterior surface of the pons.

A

basilar artery

67
Q

Circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain. If blockage occurs here, can recover some functionality by shunting blood thru other vessels.

A

Circle of Willis

68
Q

What is the size of your spinal cord compared to?

A

Diameter of your pinky finger.

69
Q

What is are the ventricles’ function in the brain?

A
  • contain CSP, transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products
70
Q

An enlargement of the spinal cord at the cervical region = branches of spinal nerves innervating upper limbs.

A

brachial plexus

71
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Enlargement of spinal cord in lumbar region; formed by branches of spinal nerves innervating lower limbs

72
Q

What is the lateral horn? Where is it found?

A
  • in thoracic spinal cord

- where cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system reside

73
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A
  • part of spinal cord that begins to taper in diameter into “cone-like” structure (tip of spinal cord resides here - only nerve roots grow down)
  • @ L1-2
74
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • bunch of nerve fibres that hang (like a horsetail)

- beneath conus medullaris

75
Q

Where is the filum terminale found? What is its function?

A
  • sacral region

- anchors/ attaches spinal cord to coccyx so it doesn’t move around

76
Q

T/F

Concerning the spine, bony growth happens faster and longer than the neural growth.

A

True

77
Q

Posterior dorsal horns within the spinal cord have ________ function.

A

sensory

78
Q

Anterior ventral horns in the spinal cord have _________ function.

A

motor

79
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join up to form a _______ ________.

A

spinal nerve

80
Q

If sensory neurons = inward, motor neurons = _______.

A

outward

81
Q

Another term for muscles (effected by motor neurons).

A

peripheral effecters

82
Q

Ascending pathways between the periphery and higher centres communicate _______ information.

A

sensory

83
Q

Descending pathways between the periphery and higher centres communicate ________ information.

A

motor

84
Q

Each ascending (sensory)/ descending (motor) pathway consists of a chain of _______ and associated nuclei or ganglia.

A

neurons

85
Q

Interneuronal connections are also called _________.

A

synapses

86
Q

Name of the neural pathway from spinal cord to thalamus (area of the brain receiving sensory info)

A

spinothalamic pathway

87
Q

Name of the neural pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

A

corticospinal pathway

88
Q

3 major somatic sensory pathways:

A

1) dorsal column (medial lemniscal) pathway
2) spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway
3) spinocerebellar pathway

89
Q

Somatic sensory pathway in charge of unconscious proprioception (amount of force applied to effect a movement - pertaining to muscle/ tendons)

A

spinocerebellar pathway

90
Q

Somatic sensory pathway in charge of pain/temperature/ deep touch (non-discriminant).

A

spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

91
Q

The function of the dorsal column (medial lemniscal) pathway.

A
  • joint (limb) position/ motion sense (proprioception - body in 3D space)
  • light touch (discriminant; stereognosis; graphesthesia)
92
Q

Dorsal columns (2 types):

A
  • fasciculus gracilis (upper extremities; lateral)

- fasciculus cuneatus (lower extremities, medial)

93
Q

T/F:
Dorsal column pathway has 2 order neurons.

(think: conscious proprioception//”discriminant touch”)

A

FALSE.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal horn > MEDULLA (ipsilateral side) via FASCICULUS CUNEATUS/ GRACILIS
2nd: crosses midline onto contralateral side – travels up MEDIAL LEMNISCUS (brainstem) > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: synapses in thalamus > projects onto 1º sensory cortex (THALAMORTICAL PROJECTIONS)

94
Q

T/F:
Anterior spinothalamic tract has 3 order neurons.

(think: deep/ crude touch - indiscriminant)

A

True.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal root
2nd: dorsal horn > crosses midline to ascend contralateral ANT. SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: thalamus > 1º sensory cortex

95
Q

T/F:
The lateral spinothalamic tract has 3 order neurons.

(think: pain, temperature)

A

True.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal root
2nd: dorsal horn > crosses midline to ascend contralateral LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: thalamus > 1º sensory cortex

96
Q

T/F:
The spinocerebellar pathway (unconscious proprioception) has a 2-order neuron process involving 3 neurons which end on the CONTRALATERAL side of the cerebellum.

A

False.

1st: joint/muscle/tendon receptor > dorsal horn
2nd: synapse onto a) POSTERIOR spinocerebellar tract on original side> medulla > pons > cerebellum; b) ANTERIOR sp. tract, which crosses to contralateral side > medulla > pons > crosses BACK to ipsilateral side > cerebellum

97
Q

To effect contraction of skeletal muscle, commands are distributed to the body from the ________ to the _______.

A

CNS to PNS

98
Q

Somatic motor pathways involve at least 2 motor neurons:

A
  • upper motor neuron (cell body in CNS

- lower motor neuron

99
Q

Upper motor neuron

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- cell body in CNS processing centres

100
Q

Lower motor neuron

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord// motor cranial nerve nucleus in brainstem

101
Q

The upper motor neuron can effect a ________ or _________ synapse onto the lower motor neuron.

A

excitatory or inhibitory

102
Q

An upper motor neuron lesion in a somatic pathway would cause a[n] __________ synapse, leading to ________ paralysis at the periphery.

A
  • inhibitory synapse
  • spastic paralysis (rigidity)

(LMN has no one to stop/ regulate the flow - muscle contracts until cannot contract anymore)

103
Q

A lesion in the lower motor neuron partaking in an excitatory OR inhibitory synapse effects ______ response in the periphery, causing _______ paralysis.

A
  • no response
  • flaccid paralysis

(LMN tries to send signal down but it can’t get to the muscle - have no signal getting to/from muscle; remains flaccid)

104
Q

T/F:

The lower motor neuron is known as the Common Final Pathway for muscle contraction.

A

True.

- only axon that extends to skeletal muscle

105
Q

T/F:
Conscious motor commands controlling skeletal muscle travel over several descending motor pathways involving the upper motor neuron.

A

True.

106
Q

Which motor pathway regulates the distal musculature in the limbs + trunk?
(imp for precise, skilled, learned movements [fingers])

A

Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway

- UMN: cortex to spinal cord

107
Q

Which motor pathway regulates the muscles of the head + neck?

A

Corticonuclear/bulbar pathway

- UMN: cortex to motor cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

108
Q

The name given for subsidary descending pathways that are used as imp backup systems for other pathways.

A

Extrapyramidal pathways

109
Q

Why is continuous sensory feedback vital for motor systems?

A

It is important to know whether mistakes are being made/ need to be corrected.

110
Q

What is the role of basal nuclei (ganglia) and the cerebellum in the corticospinal tract?

A

Modulate + modify activity to ensure smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement.

111
Q

Which part of your brain is responsible for the PLANNING and EXECUTION of movement?

(think: central motor program)

A

1) Identification of target (posterior parietal cortex)
2) Planning action (premotor cortex + supplementary motor cortex)
3) Execution of action (primary motor cortex) –> motor commands thru UMN > LMN > muscle contraction

112
Q

Which 3 areas of the cortex do fibre bundle pathways originate from in the corticospinal pathway?

A
  • primary sensory cortex (sensory input)
  • premotor + supplementary motor cortex (planning)
  • primary motor cortex (execution)
113
Q

What is the internal capsule within the corticospinal pathway?

A

Small spot where motor fibres are condensed (mm in diameter) – imagine if this spot broke

114
Q

What is the difference between spinal nerves and cranial nerves?

A

Spinal nerves - emerge from/ attached to spinal cord

Cranial nerves - emerge from brain stem

115
Q

What is the difference between sensory sensation (sp. pain) perceived by the somatic vs autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic - pain sharp, direct, well-localized// temperature, touch, proprioception
Autonomic - pain vague, ache-like, indirect or referred pain// stretch or ischemia (lack of O2) at organs

116
Q

How many spinal nerves exist in the body? How many per vertebral region?

A 
TOTAL: 31
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
117
Q

What is the classification of spinal nerves?

A

1) general SOMATIC AFFERENT (pain, proprioception, etc)
2) general SOMATIC EFFERENT (ventral horn to skeletal muscles)
3) general VISCERAL AFFERENT (pain, distension)
4) general VISCERAL EFFERENT (auto. fibres innervating smooth/ cardiac muscles, glands)

(afferent: in// efferent: out)

118
Q

What is the dorsal horn responsible for?

A

sensory neurons entering spinal cord

119
Q

What is the ventral horn responsible for?

A

motor neurons leaving spinal cord

120
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots come together to form the SPINAL NERVE (1-1.5cm long). It then bifurcates into the _____________ and _____________.

A
  • dorsal primary ramus (back functions)

- ventral primary ramus (body wall/ limb functions)

121
Q

What does the primary ventral ramus branch out into?

A
  • lateral cutaneous branch (wraps around body wall)
  • anterior cutaneous branch
    (these nerves also run in subcutaneous space)
122
Q

What does the primary dorsal ramus branch out into?

A

posterior cutaneous branch

innervates muscles around vertebral column, on somatic wall

123
Q

Where do nerves exit the spinal cord in the vertebral canal towards the somatic wall?

A

Nerves exit vertebral canal thru the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN.

124
Q

T/F:
Different fascicles within one individual spinal nerve carry motor or sensory info (not specific to one job or localized point in the body)

A

True.
A spinal nerve carries both motor and sensory info. It can travel to a big toe or the right ankle – not specific to a point either.

125
Q

What is the layer surrounding the spinal nerve (think: anatomy of nerve).

A

Epineurium

126
Q

What is the outermost layer of a fascicle within a spinal nerve called?

A

Perineurium

127
Q

What is the outermost layer of an axon in the spinal nerve called?

A

Endoneurium

128
Q

Which step does the reflex arc bypass?

only if stimulus is intense

A

Sending info to the primary sensory cortex from the spinal cord. Instead, activation of stimulus = activation of SENSORY NEURON leads straight to activation of MOTOR NEURON = response by EFFECTOR. //
UMN is bypassed - have direct connection to LMN.

129
Q

Is it possible to overcome the reflex arc?

A

Yes, consciously. You can get past it if you decide to do so.

130
Q

What does a reflex arc consist of?

A
  • receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • motor neuron
  • effector
131
Q

What is the name for a specific region of the body surface monitored by the segmental division of dorsal and ventral rami along the spinal cord?

A

Dermatome

supplies a map to the body wall to refer pain

132
Q

T/F:
Nerves will grow to accommodate body growths (i.e. nerves on stomach growing in response to changes in body wall - pregnancy; boobs; scrotum)

A

True. Nerves just grow longer as the skin grows farther from thoracic/ abdominal/ pelvic wall.

133
Q

What are some of the most obvious dermatomes (nipples, sternum, umbilicus, pubic arch)?

A
  • Nipples (T4 nerves)
  • Dip above sternum (T1)
  • Umbilicus (T10)
  • Pubic arch (L1)
134
Q

Name the 3 main nerve plexuses.

A
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • [lumbo]sacral plexus
135
Q

Which nerve plexus is responsible for the upper extremity?

A

Brachial plexus (C5 - T1)

136
Q

Which nerve plexus is responsible for the gluteal region, lower extremity and perineal region/ genitals?

A

Lumbosacral Plexus (L4 - S3)

137
Q

Which regions are the lumbar plexus responsible for?

A
  • lower anterior abdominal wall
  • medial/ anterior thigh
  • inguinal (groin) region
    (T12 - L4)
138
Q

What are the 5 main nerves of the brachial plexus (C5 - T1)?

think: upper extremity

A

1) axillary
2) median
3) musculocutaneous
4) radial
5) ulnar

139
Q

What are the 6 main nerves of the lumbar plexus (L1 - L4)?

A

1) iliohypogastric
2) ilioinguinal
3) genitofemoral
4) lateral femoral cutaneous
5) femoral
6) obturator

140
Q

What are the 6 main nerves of the lumbrosacral plexus (L4 - S3)?

A

1) tibial
2) common peroneal
3) superior gluteal
4) inferior gluteal
5) pudendal
6) posterior femoral cutaneous

141
Q

Where along the vertebrae are the origin of sympathetic motor nerves found?

A

T1 - L2 (thoracolumbar)

142
Q

Where along the vertebrae are the parasympathetic motor nerves found?

A

S2 - S4
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
(craniosacral)

143
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic motor systems?

A

SOMATIC: CNS > effector site (1 axon) = “common final pathway”
AUTONOMIC: pre/post-ganglionic fibre

144
Q

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system have a longer preganglionic fibre?

A

Parasympathetic has longer pre-g fibre because it is a slower acting system. Post-g fibres are shorter, in turn. “rest + digest” system //
Sympathetic NS is a faster acting system.

145
Q

Does the para or sympathetic nervous system use the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Sympathetic NS –> increase HR + catabolism

146
Q

Which neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic NS use?

A

Acetylcholine (diffuses smooth muscle, vasodilation)

147
Q

Where are preganglionic cells found within the spinal cord (sympathetic nervous system)

A

T1 - L2

148
Q

How are the following areas affected in sympathetic actions:
Eye; Trachea/Bronchioles; Heart; Gastrointestinal; Blood vessels; Genitalia

A
  • pupil dilation
  • dilation of trachea/bronchioles
  • increase HR + contractility
  • decrease motility, contract sphincter (GI, bladder)
  • bl. vessels in skeletal mm dilate// viscera constrict
  • F relaxes uterus/ M stimulates ejaculation
149
Q

Where do preganglionic cells in the parasympathetic system originate from?

A

Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10) or bottom of spinal cord

150
Q

Which CN are part of the parasympathetic NS, originating in the brain stem?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

151
Q

Which organ is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system but has no relation to the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Skin

do not need fine control: if sympathetic stops firing signals, hairs will slowly fall on its own

152
Q

Which cranial nerve controls everything from the the neck down to the GI system in the parasympathetic NS?

A

CN X (heart/ lungs to large intestine)

153
Q

Does the detrusor (bladder) muscle contract or relax under parasympathetic action?

A

Detrusor contracts while trigone and sphincter relaxes – > facilitates waste elimination to external environ.

154
Q

How are the following areas affected in parasympathetic actions:
Eye; Lacrimal glands; Salivary glands; Trachea/Bronchioles; Genitalia

A
  • pupil constriction/ accommodation reflex
  • stimulate tears
  • copious H2O secretion
  • trach/bronch. constrict, increase secretion
  • stimulates erection
155
Q

Both the para+sympathetic NS stimulate the male phallus. How do these differ in each system?

A

P - point

S - shoot

156
Q

What are the 2 diff patterns of sympathetic innervation within the body?

A

1) subcutaneous (skin)
2) organs above (supra) diaphragm
3) organs below (sub) diaphragm

157
Q

Which part of the brain controls the autonomic motor command structure?

A

Hypothalamus - regulates + maintains homeostatic functions

158
Q

After pain is relayed from the somatic to the CNS, it is directed to the sensory __________ in the brain to decipher where the pain is coming from.

A

sensory homunculus

159
Q

Why does referred pain occur?

A

Pain sensations from visceral organs are innervated by same spinal nerves that innervate more superficial regions as well.

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

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