Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy 200 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is composed of (2):

A
  • brain (forebrain/ midbrain/ hindbrain)

- spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The PNS is composed of:

A

(everything else)

  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • peripheral ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 types of cells within the nervous system:

A
  • neurons (conduct signals)

- neuroglia (support cells for neurons - maintenance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

Approx 100 billion neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurons form connections to other cells via _______.

A

synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F

Each neuron has about 100,000 connections with other neurons.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS is called a _______.

A

nucleus

diff than that of a cell - nerve cell bodies like to stay clumped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a ________.

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Part of neuron that brings info INTO cell body; stimulated by environment.

A

dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse towards a synaptic terminal.

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nissel bodies (in neuron)

A
  • aids in production + dispersal of proteins and peptides

- resides in cytoplasm of neuron soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The initial segment of an axon, where it connects to the soma of the neuron. This is important for how the nerve fires/ depolarizes.

A

Axon Hillock

maximizes communication b/n nerves + cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phospholipid layers covering an axon (shields contact w/ interstitial fluid). It improves the speed of an action potential.

A

Myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Individual myelinated cells that are wrapped around an axon to speed up conductive impulse.

A 
Schwann cell 
(type of glial cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Side branches of an axon.

A

axon collateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synaptic bouton

A

The end of an axon terminal where one neuron synapses on another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes summation of the initial segment of the Axon Hillock?

A

[excitatory input] + [inhibitory input] = summation = threshold potential?
–> if threshold potential is reached, the neuron will fire.
THINK: threshold potential of Na+, K+ ion channels opening/closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This type of neuron has two poles separated by a cell body. It is found in special sense cells (i.e. sight).

A

Bipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This type of neuron has its cell body situated to one side. It is predominant in the sensory nervous system aka sensation (touch).

A

Unipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This type of neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon. Most neurons are classified as this.

A

Multipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 5 examples of multipolar neuron cells.

A
  • pyramidal cell (cortex)
  • purkinje cell (cerebellum)
  • stellate cell
  • granule cell
  • basket cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 types of neuroglia found in PNS

A
  • SATELLITE CELL (surround neuron cell bodies; maintains homeostatic environ. for efficiency in metabolic function)
  • SCHWANN CELL (surround axons; assists in repair process)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 types of neuroglia found in CNS

A
  • OLIGODENDROCYTE (myelinate axons - sometimes >1 axon/ cell)
  • ASTROCYTE (maintains homeostatic balance around nerve cell body)
  • MICROGLIA (remove pathogens+ waste via phagocytosis)
  • EPENDYMAL (line inside lumen of nerve, brain; produces+ maintains cerebrospinal fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of spinal meninges? Name its 3 layers from superficial to deep.

A
  • provides protection by covering the spinal cord and its neural tissue.
  • dura mater > arachnoid mater > pia mater
    (think: DAP - don’t approach penis?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spinal meninges:

- thick, dense, strong fibrous tissue on outside covering of brain and spinal cord

A

dura mater

think: fibrous = durable matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • intermediate meningeal layer
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • cerebrospinal fluid (shock absorber + diffusion medium for nutrients/waste)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Spinal meninges:
- deepest layer, in intimate contact w/ brain tissue; firmly bound to underlying neural tissue (outermost layer of brain tissue)

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T/F

The CNS floats in cerebrospinal fluid.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A
  • cerebrum (think: umbrella - largest part)
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

5 functions of cerebrum

A

1) higher COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS (thought, creativity, planning)
2) LANG. & SPEECH (formulation, comprehension)
3) somatic MOTOR FUNCTION (skeletal muscle activity, coordinates movement - basal ganglia)
4) somatic SENSORY function (interpret stimuli from environ.)
5) regulates EMOTIONAL aspects of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the basal ganglia (cerebrum) responsible for?

A
  • regulates and coordinates movement [somatic motor function]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outside
  • GREY matter
  • made of: neuronal cell bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cerebral medulla

A
  • inside
  • WHITE matter
  • made of: axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the 3 poles of the cerebrum.

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • temporal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum.

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which lobe controls vision?

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which lobe controls perception of self in space and sensory?

A 
parietal lobe
(think: Perception = Parietal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which lobe controls higher cognitive functions such as planning, strategy and motor skills?

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which lobe controls memory, hearing, learning and social behaviour?

A 
temporal lobe 
(think: hearing @ ears = temporal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the motor homunculus exist along the cortex of the brain?

A 
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) 
- most space dedicated to hands and face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the sensory homunculus exist along the cortex of the brain?

A 
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
- most area dedicated to upper extremity and face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Name the 3 types of fibre tracts in the brain and their locations.

A
  • PROJECTION fibres (cortex to other)
  • ASSOCIATION fibres (cortex to cortex)
  • COMMISSURAL fibres (interhemispheric)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which type of fibre tract connects portions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres (think: lateral// short and long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which type of fibre tract connects the cerebral cortex to other regions of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Projection fibres (think: more vertical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What type of fibre tract has interhemispheric connections?

A

Commissural fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cerebellum (bell-shaped)?

A
  • compares and corrects intended vs evolving movement
  • ensures smooth, coordinated, purposeful movements (skilled)
  • regulates posture + balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A
  • disease of cerebellum
  • intention tremor – > reduced ability to effect control of movements
  • lack of balance/ coordination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain (superior)
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata (inferior)
  • -> THINK: mighty penis me
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relays sensory info to the brain

- acts as a centre for pain perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • homeostatic functions within the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 5 functions of the brainstem?

A

1) motor + sensory connections from cortex/thalamus to spinal cord
2) houses cranial nerve nuclei (origins of CNs)
3) Reticular Activating System (arousal of cortex, consciousness)
4) regulate HR, breathing
5) regulates swallowing, gag reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is another word for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Ventricles of the Brain:

The anterior, posterior and inferior horns collectively constitute the _________ ventricle?

A

lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

T/F
The central canal within the spinal cord enlarges to the fourth ventricle as it moves towards the brain, eventually growing into the third ventricle.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

T/F

The fourth ventricle of the spinal cord in the brain lies between the midbrain and cerebellum.

A

False.

The fourth ventricle lies between the PONS and the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

T/F

The third ventricle lies between the thalamuses.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why is the midbrain responsible for Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • substantia nigra regulates motor activity + neuronal degeneration (Park’s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The substantia nigra and red nucleus (regulator of motor activity) are found in which part of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

also a relay centre for visual + auditory pathways; CN 3+4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Why does the Pons of the brainstem have such a big belly?

A

Houses axons travelling b/n cerebrum + cerebellum

CN 5-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Contains vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres.

CN 9-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which artery in the brain connects the anterior+posterior blood supply?

A

Posterior communicating artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which artery in the brain connects the R/L hemisphere blood supplies?

A

Anterior communicating artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Differentiate the functions of the anterior/ middle/ posterior cerebral arteries.

A
  • ANTERIOR: supplies blood to many diff (anterior) regions
  • MIDDLE - supplies blood to anterior brain
  • POSTERIOR - supplies blood to temporal + occipital lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which artery in the brain supplies the anterior region of the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

65
Q

Which artery in the brain supplies the posterior region of the brain?

A

Vertebral artery

66
Q

Name of the artery made by two vertebral arteries fusing together on the anterior surface of the pons.

A

basilar artery

67
Q

Circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain. If blockage occurs here, can recover some functionality by shunting blood thru other vessels.

A

Circle of Willis

68
Q

What is the size of your spinal cord compared to?

A

Diameter of your pinky finger.

69
Q

What is are the ventricles’ function in the brain?

A
  • contain CSP, transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products
70
Q

An enlargement of the spinal cord at the cervical region = branches of spinal nerves innervating upper limbs.

A

brachial plexus

71
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Enlargement of spinal cord in lumbar region; formed by branches of spinal nerves innervating lower limbs

72
Q

What is the lateral horn? Where is it found?

A
  • in thoracic spinal cord

- where cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system reside

73
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A
  • part of spinal cord that begins to taper in diameter into “cone-like” structure (tip of spinal cord resides here - only nerve roots grow down)
  • @ L1-2
74
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • bunch of nerve fibres that hang (like a horsetail)

- beneath conus medullaris

75
Q

Where is the filum terminale found? What is its function?

A
  • sacral region

- anchors/ attaches spinal cord to coccyx so it doesn’t move around

76
Q

T/F

Concerning the spine, bony growth happens faster and longer than the neural growth.

77
Q

Posterior dorsal horns within the spinal cord have ________ function.

78
Q

Anterior ventral horns in the spinal cord have _________ function.

79
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join up to form a _______ ________.

A

spinal nerve

80
Q

If sensory neurons = inward, motor neurons = _______.

81
Q

Another term for muscles (effected by motor neurons).

A

peripheral effecters

82
Q

Ascending pathways between the periphery and higher centres communicate _______ information.

83
Q

Descending pathways between the periphery and higher centres communicate ________ information.

84
Q

Each ascending (sensory)/ descending (motor) pathway consists of a chain of _______ and associated nuclei or ganglia.

85
Q

Interneuronal connections are also called _________.

86
Q

Name of the neural pathway from spinal cord to thalamus (area of the brain receiving sensory info)

A

spinothalamic pathway

87
Q

Name of the neural pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

A

corticospinal pathway

88
Q

3 major somatic sensory pathways:

A

1) dorsal column (medial lemniscal) pathway
2) spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway
3) spinocerebellar pathway

89
Q

Somatic sensory pathway in charge of unconscious proprioception (amount of force applied to effect a movement - pertaining to muscle/ tendons)

A

spinocerebellar pathway

90
Q

Somatic sensory pathway in charge of pain/temperature/ deep touch (non-discriminant).

A

spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

91
Q

The function of the dorsal column (medial lemniscal) pathway.

A
  • joint (limb) position/ motion sense (proprioception - body in 3D space)
  • light touch (discriminant; stereognosis; graphesthesia)
92
Q

Dorsal columns (2 types):

A
  • fasciculus gracilis (upper extremities; lateral)

- fasciculus cuneatus (lower extremities, medial)

93
Q

T/F:
Dorsal column pathway has 2 order neurons.

(think: conscious proprioception//”discriminant touch”)

A

FALSE.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal horn > MEDULLA (ipsilateral side) via FASCICULUS CUNEATUS/ GRACILIS
2nd: crosses midline onto contralateral side – travels up MEDIAL LEMNISCUS (brainstem) > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: synapses in thalamus > projects onto 1º sensory cortex (THALAMORTICAL PROJECTIONS)

94
Q

T/F:
Anterior spinothalamic tract has 3 order neurons.

(think: deep/ crude touch - indiscriminant)

A

True.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal root
2nd: dorsal horn > crosses midline to ascend contralateral ANT. SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: thalamus > 1º sensory cortex

95
Q

T/F:
The lateral spinothalamic tract has 3 order neurons.

(think: pain, temperature)

A

True.

1st: skin receptor > dorsal root
2nd: dorsal horn > crosses midline to ascend contralateral LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT > MIDBRAIN > THALAMUS
3rd: thalamus > 1º sensory cortex

96
Q

T/F:
The spinocerebellar pathway (unconscious proprioception) has a 2-order neuron process involving 3 neurons which end on the CONTRALATERAL side of the cerebellum.

A

False.

1st: joint/muscle/tendon receptor > dorsal horn
2nd: synapse onto a) POSTERIOR spinocerebellar tract on original side> medulla > pons > cerebellum; b) ANTERIOR sp. tract, which crosses to contralateral side > medulla > pons > crosses BACK to ipsilateral side > cerebellum

97
Q

To effect contraction of skeletal muscle, commands are distributed to the body from the ________ to the _______.

A

CNS to PNS

98
Q

Somatic motor pathways involve at least 2 motor neurons:

A
  • upper motor neuron (cell body in CNS

- lower motor neuron

99
Q

Upper motor neuron

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- cell body in CNS processing centres

100
Q

Lower motor neuron

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord// motor cranial nerve nucleus in brainstem

101
Q

The upper motor neuron can effect a ________ or _________ synapse onto the lower motor neuron.

A

excitatory or inhibitory

102
Q

An upper motor neuron lesion in a somatic pathway would cause a[n] __________ synapse, leading to ________ paralysis at the periphery.

A
  • inhibitory synapse
  • spastic paralysis (rigidity)

(LMN has no one to stop/ regulate the flow - muscle contracts until cannot contract anymore)

103
Q

A lesion in the lower motor neuron partaking in an excitatory OR inhibitory synapse effects ______ response in the periphery, causing _______ paralysis.

A
  • no response
  • flaccid paralysis

(LMN tries to send signal down but it can’t get to the muscle - have no signal getting to/from muscle; remains flaccid)

104
Q

T/F:

The lower motor neuron is known as the Common Final Pathway for muscle contraction.

A

True.

- only axon that extends to skeletal muscle

105
Q

T/F:
Conscious motor commands controlling skeletal muscle travel over several descending motor pathways involving the upper motor neuron.

106
Q

Which motor pathway regulates the distal musculature in the limbs + trunk?
(imp for precise, skilled, learned movements [fingers])

A

Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway

- UMN: cortex to spinal cord

107
Q

Which motor pathway regulates the muscles of the head + neck?

A

Corticonuclear/bulbar pathway

- UMN: cortex to motor cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

108
Q

The name given for subsidary descending pathways that are used as imp backup systems for other pathways.

A

Extrapyramidal pathways

109
Q

Why is continuous sensory feedback vital for motor systems?

A

It is important to know whether mistakes are being made/ need to be corrected.

110
Q

What is the role of basal nuclei (ganglia) and the cerebellum in the corticospinal tract?

A

Modulate + modify activity to ensure smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement.

111
Q

Which part of your brain is responsible for the PLANNING and EXECUTION of movement?

(think: central motor program)

A

1) Identification of target (posterior parietal cortex)
2) Planning action (premotor cortex + supplementary motor cortex)
3) Execution of action (primary motor cortex) –> motor commands thru UMN > LMN > muscle contraction

112
Q

Which 3 areas of the cortex do fibre bundle pathways originate from in the corticospinal pathway?

A
  • primary sensory cortex (sensory input)
  • premotor + supplementary motor cortex (planning)
  • primary motor cortex (execution)
113
Q

What is the internal capsule within the corticospinal pathway?

A

Small spot where motor fibres are condensed (mm in diameter) – imagine if this spot broke

114
Q

What is the difference between spinal nerves and cranial nerves?

A

Spinal nerves - emerge from/ attached to spinal cord

Cranial nerves - emerge from brain stem

115
Q

What is the difference between sensory sensation (sp. pain) perceived by the somatic vs autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic - pain sharp, direct, well-localized// temperature, touch, proprioception
Autonomic - pain vague, ache-like, indirect or referred pain// stretch or ischemia (lack of O2) at organs

116
Q

How many spinal nerves exist in the body? How many per vertebral region?

A 
TOTAL: 31
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
117
Q

What is the classification of spinal nerves?

A

1) general SOMATIC AFFERENT (pain, proprioception, etc)
2) general SOMATIC EFFERENT (ventral horn to skeletal muscles)
3) general VISCERAL AFFERENT (pain, distension)
4) general VISCERAL EFFERENT (auto. fibres innervating smooth/ cardiac muscles, glands)

(afferent: in// efferent: out)

118
Q

What is the dorsal horn responsible for?

A

sensory neurons entering spinal cord

119
Q

What is the ventral horn responsible for?

A

motor neurons leaving spinal cord

120
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots come together to form the SPINAL NERVE (1-1.5cm long). It then bifurcates into the _____________ and _____________.

A
  • dorsal primary ramus (back functions)

- ventral primary ramus (body wall/ limb functions)

121
Q

What does the primary ventral ramus branch out into?

A
  • lateral cutaneous branch (wraps around body wall)
  • anterior cutaneous branch
    (these nerves also run in subcutaneous space)
122
Q

What does the primary dorsal ramus branch out into?

A

posterior cutaneous branch

innervates muscles around vertebral column, on somatic wall

123
Q

Where do nerves exit the spinal cord in the vertebral canal towards the somatic wall?

A

Nerves exit vertebral canal thru the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN.

124
Q

T/F:
Different fascicles within one individual spinal nerve carry motor or sensory info (not specific to one job or localized point in the body)

A

True.
A spinal nerve carries both motor and sensory info. It can travel to a big toe or the right ankle – not specific to a point either.

125
Q

What is the layer surrounding the spinal nerve (think: anatomy of nerve).

A

Epineurium

126
Q

What is the outermost layer of a fascicle within a spinal nerve called?

A

Perineurium

127
Q

What is the outermost layer of an axon in the spinal nerve called?

A

Endoneurium

128
Q

Which step does the reflex arc bypass?

only if stimulus is intense

A

Sending info to the primary sensory cortex from the spinal cord. Instead, activation of stimulus = activation of SENSORY NEURON leads straight to activation of MOTOR NEURON = response by EFFECTOR. //
UMN is bypassed - have direct connection to LMN.

129
Q

Is it possible to overcome the reflex arc?

A

Yes, consciously. You can get past it if you decide to do so.

130
Q

What does a reflex arc consist of?

A
  • receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • motor neuron
  • effector
131
Q

What is the name for a specific region of the body surface monitored by the segmental division of dorsal and ventral rami along the spinal cord?

A

Dermatome

supplies a map to the body wall to refer pain

132
Q

T/F:
Nerves will grow to accommodate body growths (i.e. nerves on stomach growing in response to changes in body wall - pregnancy; boobs; scrotum)

A

True. Nerves just grow longer as the skin grows farther from thoracic/ abdominal/ pelvic wall.

133
Q

What are some of the most obvious dermatomes (nipples, sternum, umbilicus, pubic arch)?

A
  • Nipples (T4 nerves)
  • Dip above sternum (T1)
  • Umbilicus (T10)
  • Pubic arch (L1)
134
Q

Name the 3 main nerve plexuses.

A
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • [lumbo]sacral plexus
135
Q

Which nerve plexus is responsible for the upper extremity?

A

Brachial plexus (C5 - T1)

136
Q

Which nerve plexus is responsible for the gluteal region, lower extremity and perineal region/ genitals?

A

Lumbosacral Plexus (L4 - S3)

137
Q

Which regions are the lumbar plexus responsible for?

A
  • lower anterior abdominal wall
  • medial/ anterior thigh
  • inguinal (groin) region
    (T12 - L4)
138
Q

What are the 5 main nerves of the brachial plexus (C5 - T1)?

think: upper extremity

A

1) axillary
2) median
3) musculocutaneous
4) radial
5) ulnar

139
Q

What are the 6 main nerves of the lumbar plexus (L1 - L4)?

A

1) iliohypogastric
2) ilioinguinal
3) genitofemoral
4) lateral femoral cutaneous
5) femoral
6) obturator

140
Q

What are the 6 main nerves of the lumbrosacral plexus (L4 - S3)?

A

1) tibial
2) common peroneal
3) superior gluteal
4) inferior gluteal
5) pudendal
6) posterior femoral cutaneous

141
Q

Where along the vertebrae are the origin of sympathetic motor nerves found?

A

T1 - L2 (thoracolumbar)

142
Q

Where along the vertebrae are the parasympathetic motor nerves found?

A

S2 - S4
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
(craniosacral)

143
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic motor systems?

A

SOMATIC: CNS > effector site (1 axon) = “common final pathway”
AUTONOMIC: pre/post-ganglionic fibre

144
Q

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system have a longer preganglionic fibre?

A

Parasympathetic has longer pre-g fibre because it is a slower acting system. Post-g fibres are shorter, in turn. “rest + digest” system //
Sympathetic NS is a faster acting system.

145
Q

Does the para or sympathetic nervous system use the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Sympathetic NS –> increase HR + catabolism

146
Q

Which neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic NS use?

A

Acetylcholine (diffuses smooth muscle, vasodilation)

147
Q

Where are preganglionic cells found within the spinal cord (sympathetic nervous system)

148
Q

How are the following areas affected in sympathetic actions:
Eye; Trachea/Bronchioles; Heart; Gastrointestinal; Blood vessels; Genitalia

A
  • pupil dilation
  • dilation of trachea/bronchioles
  • increase HR + contractility
  • decrease motility, contract sphincter (GI, bladder)
  • bl. vessels in skeletal mm dilate// viscera constrict
  • F relaxes uterus/ M stimulates ejaculation
149
Q

Where do preganglionic cells in the parasympathetic system originate from?

A

Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10) or bottom of spinal cord

150
Q

Which CN are part of the parasympathetic NS, originating in the brain stem?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

151
Q

Which organ is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system but has no relation to the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Skin

do not need fine control: if sympathetic stops firing signals, hairs will slowly fall on its own

152
Q

Which cranial nerve controls everything from the the neck down to the GI system in the parasympathetic NS?

A

CN X (heart/ lungs to large intestine)

153
Q

Does the detrusor (bladder) muscle contract or relax under parasympathetic action?

A

Detrusor contracts while trigone and sphincter relaxes – > facilitates waste elimination to external environ.

154
Q

How are the following areas affected in parasympathetic actions:
Eye; Lacrimal glands; Salivary glands; Trachea/Bronchioles; Genitalia

A
  • pupil constriction/ accommodation reflex
  • stimulate tears
  • copious H2O secretion
  • trach/bronch. constrict, increase secretion
  • stimulates erection
155
Q

Both the para+sympathetic NS stimulate the male phallus. How do these differ in each system?

A

P - point

S - shoot

156
Q

What are the 2 diff patterns of sympathetic innervation within the body?

A

1) subcutaneous (skin)
2) organs above (supra) diaphragm
3) organs below (sub) diaphragm

157
Q

Which part of the brain controls the autonomic motor command structure?

A

Hypothalamus - regulates + maintains homeostatic functions

158
Q

After pain is relayed from the somatic to the CNS, it is directed to the sensory __________ in the brain to decipher where the pain is coming from.

A

sensory homunculus

159
Q

Why does referred pain occur?

A

Pain sensations from visceral organs are innervated by same spinal nerves that innervate more superficial regions as well.

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions