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Anatomy 200 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • regulation of body temperature
  • transport of: metabolites+wastes, hormones, dissolved gases, cells for immune/inflammatory response
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2
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system (4)

A
  • heart (pump)
  • arteries + veins (vessels)
  • capillaries (exchange sites)
  • lymphatic vessels (drainage system)
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3
Q

2 circuits of circulatory system

A
  • pulmonary circuit (to lungs)

- systematic circuit (to body)

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4
Q

Describe the role of pulmonary arteries/veins. How do these differ from systematic A/V?

A 
PULMONARY: 
- arteries carry -O2 blood to lungs
- veins carry +O2 towards heart from lungs
SYSTEMATIC:
- arteries carry +O2 away from heart
- veins carry -O2 towards heart
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5
Q

What is a mediastinum?

A
  • pleural cavity between the lungs, where heart is found

- also contains esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, blood vessels

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6
Q

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart. Composed of a serous inner lining.

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

What is the direction of the wave of contraction in the heart?

A
  • apex (inferior border) up to base (superior border) of heart
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8
Q

3 tissue layers of the pericardium

A
  • visceral (epicardium- attached to heart)
  • parietal
  • fibrous (most outer)
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9
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium is called the _______ _______.

A

pericardial cavity (filled with pericardial fluid to reduce friction)

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10
Q

The wall of the heart is composed of 2 types of cardiac muscles:

A
  • myocardium

- endocardium (inside of heart, very thin membrane)

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11
Q

Pulmonary artery

A
  • deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs (exit right ventricle)
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12
Q

Pulmonary veins

A
  • oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (enter left atrium)
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13
Q

Deoxygenated blood from upper body to heart (into right atrium)

A

Superior vena cava

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14
Q

Deoxygenated blood from lower body to heart (into right atrium)

A

Inferior vena cava

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15
Q

Aorta

A
  • oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body
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16
Q

Coronary sinus

A

collects deoxygenated blood from myocardium - deposits into right atrium

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17
Q

Relaxation phase of the two ventricles

A

diastole

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18
Q

Contraction phase of the two ventricles

A

systole

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19
Q

Heart valves ensure _________ flow of blood.

A

one-way

close to prevent backflow

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20
Q

Another name for the mitral valve (left atrium to left ventricle).

A

bicuspid valve

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21
Q

Chordae tendineae (function, position found)

A

Fibrous tissue connecting papillary muscles to valves in tricuspid/ mitral valves (prevent backflow of blood back into atria).

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22
Q

What system exists to prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries to ventricles during diastole?

A

semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

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23
Q

The cusps of the aortic semilunar valve drains into the ________ artery, feeding the heart freshly oxygenated blood.

A

coronary

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24
Q

During ventricular diastole, which valves are open/ closed?

A

Diastole = relaxed

  • AV valves open
  • semilunar valves closed
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25
Q

During ventricular systole

A

Systole = contraction

  • AV valves active (closed)
  • semilunar valves open
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26
Q

Explain the action in the heart in coordination to “lub-dub”.

A 
lub = ventricles contracting, AV valves coming together 
dub = ventricles relax
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27
Q

The great cardiac vein (lies within anterior interventricular sulcus) becomes the coronary ______, expanding as more blood vessels drain into it.

A

sinus

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28
Q

Conduction system (5 components)

A

1) sinoatrial node (“pacemaker)
2) AV node (slows down)
3) AV bundle of His
4) R/L bundle branches
5) Purkinje fibres

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29
Q

What is the normovolemic blood in an average male body? Female body?

A
  • male: 5-6L
  • female: 4-5L
    (due to body size)
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30
Q

What is the average pH range and temperature of blood?

A
  • 38˚C
  • 7.35 - 7.45
    (if out of range, some functions do not work)
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31
Q

Erythrocytes are also known as?

A

red blood cells

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32
Q

White blood cells are also known as?

A

leukocytes

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33
Q

Red blood cells make up ___% of cells in blood.

A

99%

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34
Q

What action are platelets responsible for?

A

Clotting reaction in blood

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35
Q

Name the 5 types of leukocytes.

A
  • neutrophil (attacks bacteria)
  • eosinophil (anti-inflammatory)
  • basophil (inflammatory)
  • monocyte (become macrophages: eats invading elements)
  • lymphocytes (immune response)
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36
Q

What kind of leukocyte attacks and destroys bacteria?

A

Neutrophil

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37
Q

What does an eosinophil do?

A

anti-inflammatory and allergic response

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38
Q

What kind of leukocyte enables an inflammatory response?

A

basophil

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39
Q

What kind of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages (phagocytic) to digest invading elements in the body?

A

Monocytes

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40
Q

What does a lymphocyte do?

A

immune response

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41
Q

What is a RBC made of?

A

water (66%)
proteins (33%)
(no nucleus - main function=gas transport)

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42
Q

What characteristic of a RBC allows a greater surface area for diffusion?

A

biconcave disc-shaped cell

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43
Q

Why does a RBC eject its nucleus and golgi apparatus during development?

A

These consume the O2 that the RBC is meant to deliver to tissues. Ejected to maximize gas exchange.

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44
Q

Are platelets cells?

A

Pieces of cells - pinched off from megakaryocyte (stem cell) from bone marrow

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45
Q

In which direction do continuous capillaries direct blood flow?

A

away from the heart

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46
Q

In which direction do fenestrated capillaries direct blood flow?

A

towards the heart

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47
Q

List the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall

A
  • tunic interna (‘inner tunic’ lining)
  • tunic media (elasticity)
  • tunic externa (anchors)
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48
Q

Are arteries or veins harder to damage?

A

arteries

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49
Q

In an artery, which membrane layers are thicker than in veins?

A

Tunica media, externa

has more elastic fibres

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50
Q

Band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow through capillaries.

A

precapillary sphincter

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51
Q

What is the function of metarterioles?

A

shunt blood through capillary bed

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52
Q

From which structure do venules collect blood?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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53
Q

What structure exists within the walls of veins to prevent the backflow of blood?

A

valves

54
Q

Define anastomosis.

A

Joining of arteries so it becomes continuous.

55
Q

2 major differences b/n distribution of arterial + venous systems (in neck, limbs).

A

1) venous system more variable: # and location of veins (lower pressure, variations = less functional difference) // arterioles direct, grow towards active tissue
2) arteries are deep, protected by bone and soft tissue while veins are superficial AND deep

56
Q

Artery whose only job is to feed the brain.

A

Internal carotid artery

57
Q

Artery which feeds the head, neck, and face.

A

External carotid artery

58
Q

This structure measures the amount of pressure existing within the vasculature, feeding this back to other structures in the body that can alter blood pressure.

A

Carotid sinus

59
Q

This structure reads the chemical composition of blood, allowing the body to alter chemical composition.

A

Carotid body

60
Q

This artery supplies the thyroid, shoulder and neck.

A

Thyrocervical trunk

61
Q

This artery branches off from the subclavian and feeds the upper spinal cord and brain.

A

Vertebral artery

62
Q

What is the name of the aorta superior to the diaphragm?

A

Thoracic aorta

63
Q

What is the name of the aorta inferior to the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal aorta (goes posterior of diaphragm, NOT thru it)

64
Q

Artery that branches anteriorly of aorta; branches to liver.

A

Celiac trunk

65
Q

Artery that branches anteriorly of aorta; feeds spleen.

A

Splenic artery

66
Q

Artery that branches anteriorly of aorta; feeds stomach.

A

Gastric branches

67
Q

Artery that rises about 1.5cm inferior to celiac trunk, feeds 2/3 of GI tract.

A

Superior mesenteric artery

68
Q

Artery that supplies the rest of the GI tract, colon.

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

69
Q

After the aorta branches into a R/L side to extend to the lower extremities; before it leaves the body cavity.

A

R/L common iliac artery

70
Q

Branches from the common iliac artery; remains inside of the body cavity and feeds pelvic organs.

A

R/L internal iliac artery

71
Q

Branches from the common iliac artery; leaves the body cavity, working down into lower extremities.

A

R/L external iliac artery

72
Q

Continuation of the axillary artery into the arm, once passed the teres major muscle.

A

Brachial artery (supplies arm)

73
Q

Extension of the external iliac artery into the upper leg, running to popliteal fossa.

A

Femoral artery

74
Q

Takes blood from the femoral artery, branches out into the tibial and fibular arteries in the lower leg.

A

Popliteal artery

75
Q

Branches from the femoral artery; supplies lateral regions of skin, deep muscles of the thigh.

A

Deep femoral artery

76
Q

Found on the posterior, lateral side of the lower leg.

A

Fibular artery

77
Q

Passes between the tibia and fibula, descends towards the foot, providing blood to skin and muscles of anterior portion of the leg.

A

Anterior tibial artery

78
Q

A vein that drains the spinal cord and posterior side of the skull.

A

Vertebral vein

79
Q

Drains the facial vein; head, face, neck towards the brachiocephalic vein.

A

Internal jugular vein

80
Q

Drains blood from the temporal and maxillary veins towards the brachiocephalic vein.

A

External jugular vein

81
Q

A medial continuation of the axillary vein, drains into the brachiocephalic vein.. When this vein and the internal jugular meet, it forms the right brachiocephalic vein.

A

Subclavian vein

82
Q

The R/L portions of this vein merges to form the superior vena cava. It takes blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and internal thoracic veins.

A

R/L brachiocephalic veins

83
Q

Receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper limbs.

A

Superior vena cava

84
Q

A vein only found on the right side of thoracic body; a chief collecting vessel of the thorax: intercostal veins, esophageal, etc – drains into superior vena cava.

A

Azygos vein

85
Q

A vein only found on the left side of the body, where intercostals drain into. (70-80% of ppl do not have this vein)

A

Hemiazygos vein

86
Q

This vein collects blood from organs that lie inferior of the diaphragm.

A

Inferior vena cava

87
Q

These veins drains the intercostal space and muscles.

A

Intercostal veins

88
Q

These veins collect blood from the liver and are part of the portal system.

A

Hepatic veins

89
Q

These veins collect blood from the kidneys.

A

Renal veins

90
Q

These veins collect blood from the ovaries/ testes. The right side drains into the inferior vena cava while the left side drains into the left renal vein.

A

Gonadal vein

91
Q

The R/L portions of this vein connects to form the inferior vena cava.

A

R/L common iliac vein

92
Q

This vein drains pelvic organs from its respective side (glutes, sacrum, pelvic muscles).

A

R/L internal iliac vein

93
Q

This vein drains the lower limbs, pelvis, and lower abdomen.

A

External iliac vein

94
Q

Where do lymphatic veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

95
Q

This system allows blood from the digestive tract to drain directly to the liver. Composed of veins and arteries.

A

Hepatic portal system

96
Q

This vein receives blood from the brachial and basalic veins, draining into the subclavian vein.

A

Axillary vein

97
Q

This vein runs deep and receives blood from the radial and ulnar veins, draining into the axillary vein.

A

Brachial vein

98
Q

This vein runs along the superficial, lateral side of the arm.

A

Cephalic vein

99
Q

This vein runs along the superficial, medial side of the arm, joining the brachial vein to form the axillary vein.

A

Basilic vein

100
Q

2 types of body fluids (think: location).

A
  • intracellular fluid (cytoplasm, nucleoplasm)

- extracellular fluid (blood plasma; interstitial - lymph)

101
Q

Where does interstitial fluid come from? Where does it go?

A
  • fluid, small solutes from capillaries to surrounding cells
  • blood pressure forces water+solutes out of plasma (72% of blood volume DAILY) - continual movement in and out of bloodstream (is returned)
  • called ‘lymph’ when enters lymphatic system
102
Q

What are the 3 components of “lymph”?

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • lymphocytes (immune response)
  • macrophages
103
Q

What is the function of primary lymphoid structures?

A
  • responsible for production and maturation of lymphocytes – > contain stem cells for B, T, NK cells
  • bone marrow, thymus
104
Q

What is the function of secondary (peripheral) lymphoid structures?

A
  • activated lymphocytes divide to produce additional lymphocytes of same type
  • located “at the front lines” where invading bacteria are first encountered
  • lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
105
Q

The lymphatic system is an alternative route for the transport of:

A
  • hormones
  • nutrients
  • waste products
106
Q

Compared to blood vessels, lymph flows passively along a _______ _________ (passively draws interstitial fluid into interstitial space, then back into venous system).

A

pressure gradient

skeletal muscle contraction + inhalation help move lymph thru lymph vessels

107
Q

T/F

Lymphatic vessels have a smaller diameter than blood capillaries.

A

False.

Lymphatic capillaries larger in diameter and sectional view.

108
Q

T/F:
Lymphatic capillaries have thinner walls, thus greater permeability. This is due to larger gaps between the endothelial cells (overlap instead of tightly bound), allowing larger macromolecules to enter as well.

A

True.

109
Q

What is the function of valves in the lymph system?

A
  • prevent backflow of lymph (minimal pressure)

- gradual flow of moving fluid

110
Q

T/F

Approx 3.6L (72% of blood volume) enters the interstitial fluid every day.

A

True.
Vascular pressure forces water+solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space. That fluid is then returned to the vasculature by the lymph vessels.

111
Q

T/F

Some lipids absorbed by digestive tract enter bloodstream via lymph rather than capillaries of the vasculature.

A

True.
Because these big fatty acid chains do not get processed in the liver via bloodstream, it goes straight to the heart, depositing = calcification = hardening of arteries = aneurisms

112
Q

Which parts of the body does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?

A

Right side superior to diaphragm.

113
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain from?

A

Entire body inferior of diaphragm; left side superior of diaphragm

114
Q

Where does the cysterna chyli receive lymph from?

A

Receives lymph from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs

115
Q

This structure is a source of T lymphocytes. It has two lobes and lies in superior mediastinum. It begins larger in early life and undergoes involution in later life.

A

Thymus gland

116
Q

This structure is the largest lymphoid organ.

  • filters blood, removing abnormalities by phagocytosis
  • stores iron from metabolized RBCs
  • initiates immune response by B + T cells in response to circulating antigens
A

Spleen

located along left side of stomach

117
Q

B-Lymphocytes (10-15%)

A
  • originate + mature in bone marrow
  • reside in lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue
  • produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens
118
Q

T-Lymphocytes (80%)

A
  • originate in bone marrow
  • mature in thymus gland
  • cytotoxic T-cells
  • regulatory T-cells
  • reside in spleen, bone marrow, other lymphoid organs
119
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

Directly destroys pathogens + abnormal cells–> recognizes foreign cells/ infected cells
(cell-mediated immunity)

120
Q

Regulatory T-cells

A
  • made up of helper T cells + suppressor T cells

- activate/ inhibit activity of B cells

121
Q

NK cells

aka large granular lymphocytes

A

“natural killer”

  • originate + mature in bone marrow
  • circulate thru peripheral tissue: immunological surveillance cells “policemen”
  • attack foreign cells/ normal cells infected w/ viruses
  • prevent cancer cells from spreading
122
Q

What is the ratio of afferent (inwards) vs efferent (outwards) vessels in a lymph node?

A

afferent: many (pictured- 4)
efferent: ONLY one

123
Q

How do lymph nodes filter the lymph?

A

Resident T+B cells + macrophages in sinus destroy 99% antiggens

124
Q

Where within the lymph node do the B and T cells reside?

A

Lymph nodule

125
Q

Where are the largest lymph “glands” (nodes) found [3]?

A
  • base of neck
  • axillae
  • groin
    (where peripheral lymphatics connect w/ lymphatic trunk)
126
Q

What do “swollen glands” indicate?

A

Enlarged nodes due to inflammation or infection

127
Q

What is a lymphoid tissue? What are the 2 types of this?

A
  • connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
  • diffuse lymphoid tissue
  • lymphoid nodules
128
Q

Where does diffuse lymphoid tissue exist?

A
  • mucous membranes of respiratory + urinary tracts
129
Q

Where do lymph nodules exist?

A

(boundaries indistinct)

  • mucosa of digestive tract:
    • tonsils (pharynx)
    • SI lining (Peyer’s patches)
    • appendix (mass)
130
Q

T/F

Lymphocytes are always effective against infection.

A

False.
Not always able to destroy bacterial/ viral invaders that have crossed epithelium –> infection develops–> tonsillitis, appendicitis

131
Q

Why is an enlarged axillary lymph node a sign of breast cancer?

A

Cancer cells in breast metastasize (migrate) along lymphatics, becoming trapped in lymph nodes. 75% drainage of breast goes to axillary nodes. 20% goes to the other breast.

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

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