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Anatomy 200 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 functions of the digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • motility [along tract]
  • absorption
  • elimination
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2
Q

Name the 6 body parts within the gastrointestinal tract.

A

1) Oral cavity
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine

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3
Q

Name the 4 digestive glands/ organs.

A

1) Salivary glands
2) Gall bladder
3) Pancreas
4) Liver

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4
Q

What is the name of the “back exit” leading to the oral pharynx?

A

Fauces

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5
Q

What is the mucosal fold that anchors the most moveable part of the tongue [midline]?

A

Lingual frenulum

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6
Q

Where does the parotid gland (largest salivary gland) open into?

A

Parotid papilla @ sides of cheek

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7
Q

What is the function of the hard palate?

A
  • separates nasal cavity from oral cavity

- palatine bone, palatine process

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8
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A
  • separates nasal pharynx from oral pharynx

- palatine muscles

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9
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A
  • dangly part from roof of soft palate

- prevents food from unintentionally leaving oral cavity

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10
Q

Where are the palatine/ lingual tonsils located?

A 
palatine = lateral walls of oral cavity
lingual = posterior to tongue
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11
Q

What is the area between the teeth, lips, and cheek known as?

A

Vestibule

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12
Q

What are the openings present on the underside of the tongue known as?

A

Submandibular duct (opening to submandibular glands)

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13
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic mm. of the tongue.

A
  • hyoglossus m.
  • styloglossus m.
  • genioglossus m.
  • palatoglossus m.
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14
Q

Name the 3 intrinsic mm. of the tongue.

A
  • superior longitudinal m.
  • inferior longitudinal m.
  • vertical/ transverse mm.
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15
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A
  • movement of food bolus during mastication

- speech

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16
Q

This type of papillae is most numerous and is found all throughout the tongue. It is known for its rough surface, often keratinized; however does not have taste buds.

A

Filiform papillae

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17
Q

Name the 4 types of papillae found on the tongue.

A
  • vallate (swirl-shaped)
  • foliate (folds - lateral side)
  • filiform (thruout; keratinized; no taste buds)
  • fungiform (tip + sides)
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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of a tooth?

A
  • crown (exposed)
  • neck
  • root
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19
Q

What supplies the dentin within a tooth the materials for growth?

A

Pulp - also contains nerve endings, venous drainage, connective tissue, etc.

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20
Q

Which parts of a tooth connect and position the root to the alveolar bone within the jaw?

A
  • cementum (more medial to tooth)
  • periodontal ligament (fibrous connective tissue directly b/n cementum and alveolar bone —> contains blood vessels + nerves)
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21
Q

Which teeth only have one root?

A
  • central/ lateral incisors (anterior medial)

- cuspid (canines - pointy)

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22
Q

Which teeth have 2 roots?

A
  • pre-molars (1st + 2nd premolar on each side)
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23
Q

Which teeth have 3 roots?

A
  • molars (1st - 3rd molar on each side)
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24
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx from superior to most inferior.

A
  • NASOPHARYNX (auditory tube opens into this)
  • OROPHARYNX (directly behind oral cavity)
  • LARYNGOPHARYNX
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25
Q

Name the 3 pharyngeal mm. that help w/ swallowing.

A

superior/ middle/ inferior pharyngeal constrictors

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26
Q

Name the 4 layers of the GI tract from deepest to most superficial.

A
  • mucosa (epithelium/ lamina propria/ muscularis mucosa)
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa (circular/ longitudinal mm)
  • serosa/ mesentery
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27
Q

What are the two movements created by the GI tract to propel the bolus?

A
  • peristalsis (both muscles used)

- segmentation (mix contents; no net movement; mainly circular m.)

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28
Q

Name the different types of mesenteries.

A
  • intraperitoneal (completely covered)

- retroperitoneal (primary/ secondarily)

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29
Q

Describe the muscle that makes up the esophagus throughout its journey to the stomach.

A
  • top 1/3: muscularis externa [skeletal muscle = conscious control]
  • middle 1/3 = mix
  • bottom 1/3: smooth muscle [no control]
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30
Q

What controls the opening of the esophagus to the stomach?

A
  • cardiac sphincter

- opens b/c of peristalsis

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31
Q

Describe the epithelium of the esophagus.

A

Abrasion-resistant non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

What are the functions of the omentum?

A
  • large pouch of mesenteries
  • lipid deposition = temperature control
  • immunological function
  • has blood, nerve, lymphoid tissue
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33
Q

Describe the layers of the stomach wall from superficial to deep.

A
  • longitudinal
  • circular
  • oblique
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34
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

G-cells secrete GASTRIN (stimulates parietal + chief cells).

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35
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A
  • secretes PEPSINOGEN (activated by HCl to break down proteins)
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36
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A
  • secretes HCl [+ intrinsic factor for Vitamin B12] –> activates pepsinogen+ digestion
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37
Q

What is the function of mucus cells found within the gastric gland (stomach) mucosa?

A
  • secretes mucous (for protection and lubrication of bolus)
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38
Q

Name the 3 regions of the small intestine in proper order.

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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39
Q

What is the average length and SA of the small intestine?

A 
length = 6m (20 ft)
SA = 2,000 sq ft
40
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur within the SI?

A

jujenum

41
Q

Which part of the SI receives secretions from the pancreas and gall bladder?

A

duodenum

further digestion of fat, protein, sugar

42
Q

How many times do plicae circulares increase the SI’s SA by?

A

3x

43
Q

In an area with villi + crypts (glands)/ microvilli, how many times is the SA increased by?

A

10x (villi + crypt)
20x (microvilli)
= 200x total

44
Q

What is a glycogalyx?

A

sugar + protein substances create a mesh of digestive cells - captures digestive enzymes + food = DIGESTION!
(found on microvilli)

45
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found within the villar epithelium?

A
  • paneth cell (lysozyme)
  • enteroendocrine cell (serotonin)
  • goblet cell (mucous)
  • microvilli (absorptive)
46
Q

Where do proteins and sugars get absorbed into within the villi?

A
  • into capillary network (thru epithelium)
47
Q

Where does fat (fatty acids, mono/triglycerides) get absorbed into within the villi?

A
  • into lacteals [lymphatic vessels] as chylomicrons (droplet of fat present in lymph)
48
Q

Name 3 major digestive glands.

A

1) salivary glands
2) pancreas
3) liver + gallbladder

49
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

A

Connects SI + LI

50
Q

List the 4 regions of the large intestine (in order).

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
51
Q

What is another name for the right colic flexure (bend)?

A

hepatic flexure (liver)

52
Q

What is another name for the left colic flexure?

A

splenic flexure

53
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • reabsorbs H2O + electrolytes
  • absorbs vitamins produced by colonic bacteria (K, B12)
  • compacts + stores feces
54
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

3 longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle along colon - contract lengthwise to produce haustra (bulges) to push waste bolus

55
Q

Name the 2 types of cells found within the intestinal crypt’s epithelium.

A
  • goblet cell (mucus)
  • absorptive cell (H2O, vitamins)
    + lymphoid nodules under epithelium
56
Q

This anal sphincter is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (smooth muscle control).

A

Internal sphincter

57
Q

This anal sphincter can be consciously controlled (skeletal muscle).

A

External sphincter

58
Q

List some secretions by the salivary glands.

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • amylase (carb digestion)
  • antibodies
  • chemicals stimulating taste buds
59
Q

Name the 3 glands that make up the salivary glands.

A
  • parotid gland (largest - by ear; 1 duct)
  • submandibular (floor of mouth; 1 duct)
  • sublingual (under tongue; multiple ducts)
60
Q

What is the difference b/n serous and mucus secretions?

A

Serous - more water, dissolves food

Mucus - coats bolus ; have mucin

61
Q

What kind of secretions do the parotid glands release?

A
  • serous
  • amylase
  • 25%
62
Q

What kind of secretions do the sublingual glands release?

A
  • mucous
  • 5%
  • multiple ducts
63
Q

What kind of secretions do the submandibular glands release?

A
  • serous & mucous

- 70%

64
Q

What system controls the secretion of salivary glands?

A
  • parasympathetic = secrete

- sympathetic = inibit

65
Q

What stimulates the secretion from salivary glands?

A
  • taste/ sight/ smell/ thought of food

- presence of food in mouth

66
Q

Which organ does the pancreas secrete its digestive enzymes into?

A

small intestine

67
Q

What is the function of the bicarbonate buffer that the pancreas secretes?

A
  • neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach

- establishes pH for pancreatic digestive enzymes

68
Q

Pancreatic acinus ducts are fed by two types of cells. What are they and what do they secrete?

A

1) Acinar cells - active digestive enzymes + zymogens (inactive enzymes later activated in SI)
2) Centroacinar cells - bicarbonate buffer (neutralizes acidic chyme –> dissolves digestive enzymes, regulates zymogens)

69
Q

T/F

Pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct to enter duodenum at the ampulla of Vater.

A

True.

70
Q

T/F

The accessory pancreatic duct only contains pancreatic secretions and empties superior to the ampulla Vater.

A

True.

71
Q

T/F

The liver is the largest GLAND in the body.

A

True.

72
Q

T/F

The liver falls into all three hypochondriac/ epigastric regions.

A

False.

The liver sits within the right and central hypochondriac region.

73
Q

T/F

The stomach is attached to the lesser omentum, which falls posterior of the liver.

A

False.

The liver and stomach are both attached by the lesser omentum. HOWEVER - the liver is attached on its dorsal wall.

74
Q

The liver is supplied by vessels that travel through the lesser omentum. Name these “3 amigos”.

A
  • proper hepatic artery (oxygenated)
  • portal vein (deoxygenated)
  • common bile duct (from gallbladder)
75
Q

What are the three major functions of the liver?

A
  • metabolic regulation
  • hematological regulation
  • synthesis + secretion of bile
76
Q

Define the metabolic regulation done by the liver.

A
  • carbohydrates – > stores glucose as glycogen + interconverts glucose
  • lipids –> stores + metabolizes triglycerides (oxidizes TAGs from lymphatic system) –> MAKES CHOLESTEROL
  • amino acids –>deamination + transamination ; ammonia -> urea
  • *inactivates toxic compounds + drugs from intestine
77
Q

Describe the hematological regulation of the liver.

A
  • destroys aged RBC

- produces + secretes components of blood plasma proteins

78
Q

Explain the blood flow to the liver.

A
  • hepatic artery (+O2) =30%

- hepatic portal vein (-O2, nutrient rich) = 70%

79
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by confluence of which 3 veins?

A
  • inferior mesenteric (LI)
  • superior mesenteric (SI, LI)
  • splenic veins
80
Q

T/F

All blood drainage from intestines flows to the liver before returning to the heart.

A

True - as deoxygenated blood.
+O2 & -O2 blood mix in liver –> exit liver thru hepatic veins to inferior vena cava.
Lipids delivered directly thru lymphatic system.

81
Q

What is are the specialized macrophages called within the liver that carry out the destruction of outdated RBC and pathogens?

A

Kupffer cells

82
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the liver?

A

Liver lobule - @ centre is the central vein (carried to hepatic vein) – > hexagonal grouping of cells surrounded by connective tissue

83
Q

T/F
Hepatocytes (epithelial cells of the liver) sit on top of each other, creating wall/ plate within space in b/n (sinusoids) where [-O2/+O2) mix.

A

True.

84
Q

What is an individual liver cell known as?

A

Hepatocyte

85
Q

What is the function of hepatocytes?

A

Take substances up from blood and secrete substances into blood

86
Q

What is name of the space of exchange between the hepatocyte and blood vessel (sinusoid) endothelium?

A

Space of Disse

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

87
Q

Where does the bile produced by liver cells drained into?

A

bile canaliculi

THINK: bile canal

88
Q

What is the direction of blood flow within the lobule?

A

Periphery towards central vein

89
Q

What is the function of bile (synthesized by liver)?

A
  • bile salts emulsify fats in intestine

- emulsification necessary for digestion

90
Q

Where does the bile produced get stored?

A

Bile transferred to gall bladder for storage

91
Q

How are bile canaliculi formed?

A

Two hepatocytes side by side (same plane) - two haves of canaliculi form large calibre bile duct for drainage
(EXOCRINE FUNCTION)

92
Q

Bile vs blood flow within the lobule?

A

Bile: centre to periphery
Blood: periphery to centre

93
Q

What triggers the release of bile from the gall bladder?

A

Presence of chyme in duodenum

94
Q

What is the name of the sphincter that controls how much bile gets released into the duodenum?

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

95
Q

Which hormone induces the relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder (releasing bile)?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

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