Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 200 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Glandular epithelium describes specialized cells that _______, _______ and ________ chemical substances.

A
  • synthesize
  • store
  • secrete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of glandular tissue

A
  • exocrine

- endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The secretory cells of exocrine glands are found _________ in relation to the epithelium.

A

Secretory cells are found in line with the epithelium (exocrine gland). This creates a duct (small divot) in the tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secretory cells of endocrine glands are found ________ in relation to the epithelium.

A

Secretory cells are found BELOW epithelium, within connective tissue. A bundle of secretory cells are fed via sinusoid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands.

release secretions into ducts, carried to body surface

A
  • sweat
  • mammary
  • salivary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endocrine secretion process.

A

secretory cells > sinusoids > capillaries > systemic vasculature > target site/ entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of endocrine glands.

A
  • thyroid
  • pituitary
  • adrenal (suprarenal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The endocrine system works to secrete chemical messengers into the body’s _______ and ________.

A
  • blood

- interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The nervous and endocrine systems function together to _______ ________.

A

maintain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of neuroendocrinology?

A

Brain regulates secretion from endocrine glands. Hormones modify CNS function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are nerve and gland cells similar (4)?

A
  • secrete chemical messengers acting on target cell
  • electrical activity
  • secrete hormones enter vascular system
  • similar secretions (neurotransmitters, hormones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What responses are generated by neurons in the nervous system?

A
  • chemical messengers conduct impulse [released into cleft] b/n neurons > post-synaptic membrane > electrical impulse conducted along axons > next neuron in chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Target sites and duration for nervous system responses.

A
  • high specific target

- short term (milliseconds to mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What responses are generated by hormones in the endocrine system?

A

endocrine glands > chemical substances > circulate in bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Target sites and duration for endocrine system responses.

A
  • may affect diff tissues + organs simultaneously

- longer duration (mins to days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hormone?

A
  • chemical messenger
  • produced/ secreted by endocrine cell, tissue
  • travels thru circulatory system
  • acts upon specific target cells within tissue (binds to receptor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you increase the sensitivity to a specific hormone?

A

Increase number of receptors in target cell. Presence/ absence of receptor determines cell’s response to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as the _________.

A

hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How well protected is the pituitary gland?

A

VERY well protected - anchored into floor of cranium, infundibulum leads towards the gland within a depression of the bone. Protected by dura mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Pituitary stalk - leads down to pituitary gland from hypothalamus (nestled in bone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a sinusoid?

A

large, extracellular spaces - endocrine glands release secretions into - passed to capillaries

24
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • human growth hormone (hGH)
  • thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)
  • follicle stimulating h. (LSH)/ luteinizing h. (LH)
  • prolactin (Prl)
  • adrenocorticotropic h. (ACTH)
  • melanocyte stimulating h. (MSH)
25
Q

2 posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • vasopressin aka antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- oxytocin

26
Q

Where does the production of regulatory hormones secreted by the anterior/ posterior pituitary occur?

A

In hypothalamus –> travels downwards through pituitary to influence cells (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

27
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

System of blood vessels connecting hypothalamus w/ adenohypophyseal -
transport + exchange of hormones to allow fast communication b/n glands

28
Q

What does the posterior lobe (neurohypophyseal) develop from?

A

brain tissue (fuses together w/ anterior lobe to form pituitary gland)

29
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary develops from the hypophyseal pouch, also known as _______.

A

Rathke’s pouch (by oral cavity)

30
Q

During development, the neurohypophyseal maintains connection to brain tissue, specifically the _________.

A
  • hypothalamus

- axons sent from hypothalamus thru infundibulum, synapse in posterior lobe

31
Q

Where is vasopressin (ADH) produced in the hypothalamus?

A

supraoptic nucleus

stored in posterior pituitary

32
Q

Where is oxytocin produced in the hypothalamus?

A

paraventricular nucleus

stored in posterior pituitary

33
Q

The thyroid gland is stimulated by thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which releases TSH from the pituitary. What hormones are released from the thyroid gland itself and what are its functions?

A

TSH causes thyroid follicles to release T3 and T4 aka thyroxine (stimulates metabolic rate within body) - released in capillaries to systemic vasculature

34
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

Band of tissue joining R/L lobes of thyroid (butterfly shape)

35
Q

What is the function of thyroglobulin?

A

Follicle cells in thyroid secrete hormone precursor [thyroglobulin] into follicle activity –>add iodine –> stimulated by TSH, thyroglobulin converted into T3 + T4 –> follicle cells secreted into connective tissue –> picked up by capillaries

36
Q

What is the function of parafollicular cells?

A
  • found between follicle cells in thyroid
  • aka C-cells
  • produce hormone: calcitonin
  • regulates calcium levels in body
37
Q

Where are parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior side of thyroid gland - 4 glands; 2 on each lobe (superior/ inferior)

38
Q

The parathyroid is composed of what types of cells?

A
  • parathyroid (principal) cells – secrete parathyroid hormone (promotes reintake of Ca2+)
  • oxyphil cells (immature/ inactive)
39
Q

What is the difference b/n calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?

A 
Calcitonin:
- decreases Ca2+ in body fluids
- increases Ca2+ deposition in bone (lower Ca2+ in body)
PTH: 
- opposite (increase Ca2+)
40
Q

A mid-sagittal cross-section of an adrenal gland would show 2 parts:

A
  • cortex (outer; 3 layers)

- medulla (inner; consistent)

41
Q

What is the main hormone of the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids

  • increases renal Na+ and H2O
  • decreases renal K+
42
Q

What is the main hormone of the middle layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids

  • stimulates protein, lipid, carb metabolism.
  • anti-inflammatory
43
Q

What is the main hormone of the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Androgens (testosterone/ male hormones)

  • stimulates growth of axillary/ pubic hair
  • stimulates libido
44
Q

What is the one type of cell found within the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

45
Q

What is the adrenal gland innervated by?

A

Autonomic nervous system - preganglionic sympathetic fibres causes release of [nor]epinephrine directly into vasculature

46
Q

T/F

The pancreas serves exocrine and endocrine functions.

A

True.

99% exocrine, 1% endocrine (islets of Langerhans)

47
Q

What are acinus cells in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine cells - synthesizes, stores, secretes digestive enzymes

48
Q

Where are alpha cells found and what hormone do they secrete?

A
  • periphery of pancreatic islet

- secretes glucagon (body consumption of glucose: elevates blood glucose, stimulates glucose synthesis)

49
Q

Where are beta cells found and what hormone do they secrete?

A
  • most abundant within islet

- secretes insulin (glycogen synthesis + storage; decrease blood glucose levels)

50
Q

Where are delta cells found and what hormone do they secrete?

A
  • least abundant within islet

- secretes somatostatin (growth hormone- inhibiting hormone; inhibits secretion of glucagon + insulin)

51
Q

Define diabetes mellitus.

A

Inability to produce/ use insulin.

  • elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
  • excretion of glucose in urine
  • results in cardiovascular, vision problems
52
Q

Define Type I diabetes.

A
  • “insulin-dependent” diabetes (10%)
  • autoimmune disease that DESTROYS INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS of islets (beta cells)
  • will respond to insulin injection
53
Q

Define Type II diabetes.

A
  • “non-insulin-dependent” diabetes
  • insulin-resistance&insulin-secretory defects
  • target cells less sensitive to insulin (down-regulation of receptors)
  • correlates w/ age, obesity (management by diet, exercise, weight loss)
54
Q

Where is the pineal gland found and what is its function?

A
  • inferior to corpus callosum

- secretes melatonin (regulates biological clock)

55
Q

Where is the thymus gland found and what is its function?

A
  • in superior mediastinum
  • produces T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)
  • secretes thymic hormones (proliferation+maturation of T-cells)
56
Q

Where does the leptin hormone originate from? What is its function?

A
  • adipose tissue (connected to an individual’s amount of body fat)
  • helps inhibit hunger + regulate energy balance so body does not trigger hunger response when energy isn’t needed (appetite suppressant)

Anatomy 200 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions