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MD2001 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

A

+ Urine excretion
+ Endocrine organ
+ Homeostatic role controlling blood pressure, tissue osmolality, electrolyte & water balance, pH

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys in regards to maintaining/maintenance?

A

Maintain: Blood/water homeostasis by production of urine

  • i.e removal from circulating blood of excess water and electrolytes and toxic, metabolic waste products such as urea and creatinine
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3
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys in regards to monitoring/affecting?

A

Monitor/affect: acid/base balance by excreting hydrogen ions during acidosis or bicarbonate ions during alkalosis

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4
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys in regards to secretion?

A

Secrete:

Renin
- indirectly raises blood pressure

Erythropoietin
- accelerates red blood cell production

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5
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

Conduct urine to the bladder, where it is stored

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

For passage of urine out of the body

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7
Q

What is the anatomical position of the kidneys?

A

+ Lie one on each side on the posterior abdominal wall, high up under the diaphragm

+ Retroperitoneal

+ Encapsulated and protected by layers of fascia and fairly firm renal fat

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8
Q

What are the major structures within the kidneys?

A 
\+ Papilla (opening into a Minor Calyx)
\+ Pyramid in Medulla
\+ Cortex, extending between medullary pyramids as a renal colum
\+ Minor Calyx
\+ Major Calyx
\+ Renal Sinus
\+ Ureter
\+ Pelvis
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9
Q

What is the role of the pelvis in the kidneys?

A

The pelvis becomes the ureter that transports urine to the bladder

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10
Q

What is the relationship betwen the minor calyces and the major calyces?

A

The minor calyces converge on major calyces, which themelves form the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney

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11
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A 
\+ Renal corpuscule (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)
\+ Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
\+ Loop of Henlé
\+ Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
\+ Collecting duct
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12
Q

What are the two different types of nephron?

A

+ Juxtamedullary

+ Superficial cortical

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13
Q

What are functions/features of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

+ Receive ~10% renal supply
+ Designed to concentrate urine
+ Glomeruli in inner corical regions; long nephron loops
+ Associated with vasa recta

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14
Q

What are the functions/features of superficial cortical nephrons?

A

+ Receive ~90% renal supply
+ Reabsorb large % of fluid that filters from vasculature
+ Glomeruli in outer cortical regions; short nephron loops

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15
Q

Where does the ureter in females pass in relation to surrounding structures?

A

+ Passes posteriotl to ovary

+ Passes lateral to cervix and vagina

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16
Q

What are features of the male urethra

A

+ Passes through the prostate into the penis
+ Longer than female urethra
+ Dual purpose; conduit for urine and semen ejaculation

17
Q

What are the features of the walls of the ureters and bladder?

A

+ Essentially muscular

  • peristaltic waves propel urine down the ureter
  • bladder fills by relaxation of its muscular wall (known as DETRUSOR muscle)
18
Q

How does emptying of the bladder occur?

A

By muscular (detrusor) contraction, aided by raised intra-abdominal pressure

19
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the ureter and bladder

A

Transitional epithelium or urothelium, which is “urine-proof” and allows distension:
- the cells are rounded and piled on top of each other, but flatten and spread out to cope with distension

20
Q

Where does the ureterin males pass in relation to surrounding structures?

A

Passes posteriorly to bladder

21
Q

The bladder and ureter contain what type of muscle?

A

Smooth and involuntary

  • controlled autonomic (particularly PSNS)
  • but external sphincter around urethra is striated and under voluntary control
22
Q

What percentage of cardiac output does the kidney recieve?

A

20%

23
Q

How effective is the proximal tubule (PT) in reabsorption?

A

Recovers ~2/3 of the fluid and up to 100% of some solutees filtered into renal tube by glomerulus

24
Q

What are the features of the PT cells that allow it be effective in reabsorption ?

A

PT epithelial cells have apical microvilli that increase surface area and junctions between cells that are leaky to maximize free flow of water and dissolved solutes

25
Q

What are the underlying mechanisms involved in reabsorption and sectretion?

A

+ Na reabsorption by PT is driven by the basolateral Na-K ATPase through co-transport with organic solutes in exchange for H+

+ Cl- absorption occurs principally in the later PT by the paracellular route or by a Cl- base exchanger

+ Water reabsorption occurs by osmosis, driven by influx of Na, Cl and solutes

26
Q

Via what structure is reabsorbed fluid returned to the vasculature?

A

Via the peritubular network

27
Q

What is micturition?

A

It is the ejection if urine frm the urinary bladder through the urethra to outside of the body

28
Q

Where/when is there no modification of urine?

A

En route to or in bladder

29
Q

What happens to formed urine?

A

Channeled by renal calyces and the renal sinus into ureters and conveyed to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until micturiton

30
Q

What is the bladder?

A

+ Bladder is a hollow muscular organ that stores urine until micturition is convenient

+ Valves prevent urinary reflux into the ureters, whereas inner and outer sphincters control the outflow via the urethra

31
Q

What are the functions of valves and sphincter in the urinary system?

A

Valves prevent urinary reflux into the ureters, whereas inner and outer sphincters control the outflow via the urethra

32
Q

How are the outer and inner sphincters controlled?

A

+ Outer sphincter is under voluntary control

+ Inner sphincter and bladder contraction is controlled by spinal relfexes and the CNS

33
Q

What is the capacity of the bladder?

A

~500ml

34
Q

What does the filling of the bladder do?

A

+ Stretches its muscular wall and initates a spinal micturition reflex, which causes PS motor efferents to stimulate bladder contraction

35
Q

How is micturition prevented?

A

Prevented by the CNS until the outer sphincter is relaxed voluntarily

36
Q

Where is the bladder in males located in relation to surrounding structures?

A

+ Superior to the prostate
+ Anterior to the rectum
+ Extends upward from pelvis into lower abdomen
+ Just above and behind pubic bone

37
Q

Where is the bladder in females located in relation to surrounding structures?

A

+ Inferior and anterior to the cervix and uterus

+ Anterior to the vagina

38
Q

What are features of the female urethra?

A

+ Situated between the clitoris and the vagina
+ Shorter than male urethra
+ More prone to infections due to shorter length

MD2001 (52 decks)

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