Intro to Health Protection

Question 1

What are the 3 domains of public health?

Answer 1

+ Health protection
+ Health improvement
+ Improving services

Question 2

What is the definition of sporadic regarding occurrence?

Answer 2

Occasional cases occurring irregularly

Question 3

What are the difference types of occurrence?

Answer 3

+ Sporadic
+ Endemic
+ Epidemic
+ Pandemic

Question 4

What is the definition of endemic?

Answer 4

Persistent background level of occurrence (low to moderate levels)

Question 5

What is the definition of epidemic?

Answer 5

Occurrence in excess of the expected level during a given time period

Question 6

What is the definition of pandemic?

Answer 6

Epidemic occurring in or spreading over several countries

Question 7

What is the definition of an outbreak?

Answer 7

+ Two or more people who experience a similar illness or confirmed infection and are linked by a common factor

OR

+ When the observed number of cases unaccountably exceeds the expected number for a given place and time

Question 8

What 3 things form the epidemiological triad?

Answer 8

+ Host
+ Agent
+ Environment

Question 9

Agent: what factors increases likeliness of disease?

Answer 9

+ Virulence
+ Infectiousness
+ Infective dose
+ Drug resistance

Question 10

Host: what factors increase likeliness of disease?

Answer 10

+ Age
+ Genetic susceptibility
+ Nutrition
+ Immune status

Question 11

Environment: what factors increase likeliness of disease?

Answer 11

+ Climate
+ Sanitation
+ Overcrowding
+ Reservoirs of infection

Question 12

Agent: what control measures can help to prevent disease?

Answer 12

+ Treat cases
+ Isolate cases
+ Good prescribing practice (to prevent antibiotic resistance)

Question 13

Host: what control measures can help to prevent disease?

Answer 13

+ Immunisation
+ Prophylactic treatment
+ Good nutrition & general health

Question 14

Environment: what control measures can help to prevent disease?

Answer 14

+ Barriers (e.g PPE, bed nets, condoms)

+ Hygiene measures (e.g hand-washing, reduce overcrowding, food safety, sanitation, water treatment, vector control)

Question 15

What are the links in the chain of infection?

Answer 15

\+ Infectious agent
\+ Reservoir
\+ Portal of exit
\+ Mode of transmission
\+ Portal of entry
\+ Susceptible host

Question 16

Infectious Agent: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 16

+ Pasteurisation of milk
+ Chlorination of drinking water
+ Disinfectants

Question 17

Reservoir: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 17

+ Medical treatment of person
+ Environmental sanitation
+ Insect or rodent eradication

Question 18

Portal of exit: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 18

+ Cover wounds
+ Cover mouth when sneezing
+ Condoms

Question 19

Mode of transmission: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 19

+ Hand-washing
+ Isolation
+ Airflow control
+ Food safety practices

Question 20

Portal of entry: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 20

\+ Masks
\+ Insect repellent
\+ Wound care
\+ Safe sharps disposal
\+ Condoms
\+ Catheter care
\+ Aseptic technique for cannulation

Question 21

Susceptible host: methods to break the chain of infection?

Answer 21

+ Immunisation
+ Good nutrition
+ Medical treatment
+ Recognise high risk patients

Question 22

What are the steps involved in outbreak management?

Answer 22

\+ Confirm if it is an outbreak
\+ Establish info on causative organism
\+ Implement control measures
\+ Identify source (and remove if possible)
\+ Ensure all cases treated promptly
\+ Case finding
\+ Surveillance
\+ Learn lessons for future