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MD2001 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the PNS?

A

+ Cranial and spinal nerves

+ Ganglia

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2
Q

What forms the CNS?

A

+ Brain

+ Spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system?

A

+ Neurons

+ Glia

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4
Q

What are the structural components that make up neurons?

A

+ Axon
+ Dendrites
+ Cell body

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5
Q

What are the different types of glia cells?

A

+ Astrocyte
+ Oligodendrocyte
+ Microglia

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6
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via synapses between axons and dendrites

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7
Q

What does grey matter comprise of?

A

Cell bodies of neurons

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8
Q

What does white matter comprise of?

A

Axons

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9
Q

What are the functional division of the nervous system?

A

+ Sensory (afferent)

+ Motor (efferent)

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10
Q

What is the function of the sensory division of the nervous system?

A

+ Carries information towards the CNS

+ Responsible for acquiring and processing information from the environment

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11
Q

What is the function of the motor division of the nervous system?

A

+ Information is going from the CNS to effector organs

+ Responsible for generating movements and other behaviours

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12
Q

What are the two different efferent divisions?

A

+ Somatic (voluntary)

+ Autonomic/visceral (involuntary)

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13
Q

What are features of the somatic division?

A

+ Motor axons connecting CNS to skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What are features of the autonomic/visceral division?

A

+ Motor axons that innervate cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

+ Important for internal homeostatis

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15
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

+ Sympathetic (thoracolumbar, fight or flight)

+ Parasympathetic (craniosacral, rest and digest)

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16
Q

What are the features of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

+ Activates the body under conditions of emergency

\+ Dilates pupils
\+ Increases heart and respiratory rates
\+ Increases blood pressure
\+ Increases blood glucose levels 
\+ Dilation of bronchioles 
\+ Induces sweating

+ (During exercise) sympathetic vasoconstriction shunts blood from the skin and digestive viscera to the heart, brain and skeletal muscles

+ Preganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from later horns of T1-L2

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17
Q

What are features of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

+ Conserves body energy and maintains body activities at basal level (homeostasis)

+ Pupillary constriction
+ Glandular secretion
+ Increase in digestive tract mobility and smooth muscle activity, leading to elimination of faeces and urine

+ Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from brain stem and from S2-S4

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18
Q

What forms the two neuron chains of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cell body of pre-ganglionic neuron in CNS synapses with the cell body of the post-ganglionic neuron in a ganglion

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19
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located? Describe their synaptic fibres

A

+ Located close to the spinal column therefore:

- pre-synaptic fibres are short - post-synaptic fibres are quite long

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20
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located? Describe their synaptic fibres

A

+ Located close to the organ they innervate therefore:

  • pre-synaptic fibres are quite long
  • post-synaptic fibres are short
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21
Q

What features protect the CNS?

A

+ Skull and vertebral column
+ Meninges
+ CSF

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22
Q

Where are the meninges relative to the brain, spinal cord and their blood vessels?

A

It encloses them

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23
Q

What are the 3 protective tissue layers that form the meninges?

A

+ Dura
+ Arachnoid
+ Pia

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24
Q

What are features of the dura?

A

+ Most superficial
+ Strongest/toughest
+ Usually in contact with bone

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25
Q

What are features of the arachnoid?

A

+ Adhered closely to the dura

+ Web-like in appearance

26
Q

What are features of the pia?

A

+ Deepest layer

+ In direct contact with CNS tissue

27
Q

What is the function of the subarachnoid space?

A

It contains CSF

28
Q

What is the function of the folds of dura matter?

A

Inward folds of dura (dural partitions) secure the brain to the skull, dampening movement of the brain in the cranial cavity

29
Q

Besides the subarachnoid space, where else does CSF occupy?

A

Spaces within the CNS

30
Q

What is the function of ventricles in the brain?

A

They are the site of CSF production due to each ventricle being a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF

31
Q

How many ventricles in the brain are there and where are they located?

A

+ Lateral ventricle: cerebral hemisphere

+ 3rd ventricle: Diencephalon

+ 4th ventricle: Brain stem

+ Central Canal: spinal cord

32
Q

What is CSF?

A

+ Cerebrospinal fluid

+ Clear, cell-free fluid

+ Produced in the choroid plexus that circulates in the subarachnoid space

33
Q

What are the main divisions of the brain?

A

+ Cerebrum
+ Diencephalon
+ Brain stem
+ Cerebellum

34
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

+ Frontal lobe
+ Parietal lobe
+ Occipital lobe
+ Temporal lobe

35
Q

What are sulci?

A

Inward folds of the cerebral hemispheres that form ‘valleys’ between the gyri

36
Q

What are gyri?

A

Ridges of the inward folded cerebral cortex

37
Q

What structures does the cerebrum consist of?

A 
\+ (Median) Longitudinal Fissure
\+ Cerebral Cortex (grey matter)
\+ Cerebral white matter
\+ Corpus Callosum
\+ Ventricles
\+ Caudate
\+ Internal Capsule
\+ Putamen
38
Q

What are the different functional areas of the cerebrum?

A

+ MOTOR: primary motor and premotor in FRONTAL lobe

+ SENSORY: primary somatosensory and somatosensory association areas in PARIETAL lobe

+ VISION: primary visual and visual association areas in OCCIPITAL lobe

+ AUDITORY: primary auditory and auditory association areas in TEMPORAL lobe

39
Q

What is the role of the hemispheres?

A

Each hemisphere receives sensory impulses from, and dispatches motor impulses to, the opposite side of the body

40
Q

Hemispheres show lateralisation of cortical function, what is the function of each hemisphere?

A

+ Left hemisphere: dominant, specialised for language and maths skills

+ Right hemisphere: specialised for visual-spatial skills and creativity

41
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

+ Region of the frontal lobe
+ Located within the left hemisphere
+ Motor speech: linked with speech production

42
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

+ Region of temporal lobe
+ Located within left hemisphere in cortex
+ Sensory speech: linked to understanding speech

43
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

It is a major relay station for:

  • sensory impulses ascending to sensory cortex
  • inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum travelling to cerebral motor cortex
44
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

+ Important autonomic control centre

\+ Maintains water balance
\+ Regulates thirst and eating behaviour
\+ Regulates GI activity
\+ Regulates body temp.
\+ Regulates activity of anterior pituitary gland

+ Encloses 3rd ventricle

45
Q

What areas form the brainstem?

A

+ Midbrain
+ Pons
+ Medulla Oblongata

46
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

+ Superior and inferior colliculi (visual and auditory reflex centres)

+ Red nucleus (subcortical motor centre)

+ Substantia nigra (involved in rewards seeking, motor learning etc.)

47
Q

Where does the midbrain surround?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

48
Q

What are the functional features of the pons?

A

+ Conduction area (connections between forebrain and cerebellum)

+ Nuclei contribute to regulation of respiration as well as hearing and balance

49
Q

What are the functional features of the medulla oblongata?

A

+ Pyramidal decussation (crossing of corticospinal axons) before entering SC

+ Vital centres regulating: respiratory rhythm, heart rate, BP

+ Non-vita centres regulating: coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

50
Q

What are features of the cerebellum?

A

+ 2 hemispheres marked by convolutions with an internal grey matter nuclei surrounded by white matter and an outer cortex of grey matter

+ Connects to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior)

+ Processes and interprets impulses from motor cortex and sensory pathways and coordinates motor activity for smooth, well-timed movements

+ Important for balance

51
Q

What are features of the spinal cord?

A

+ Two-way impulse conduction pathway and reflex centre

+ Resides within the vertebral column

+ Protected by the meninges and CSF

+ Extends from foramen magnum to end of L1 vertebra (does not extend full length of vertebral column)

52
Q

Describe the grey matter in a transverse/cross section of the spinal cord

A

H-shaped, contains neuronal cell bodies within ‘horns’:

+ Lateral: visceral/autonomic motor neurons

+ Ventral/anterior: somatic motor neurons

+ Dorsal/posterior: interneurons

53
Q

Describe the white matter in a transverse/cross section of the spinal cord

A

Columns containing a number of ascending and descending tracts - all paired and most decussate.

+ Ventral/anterior columns
+ Lateral columns
+ Dorsal columns

54
Q

What are other landmarks of the transverse/cross section of the spinal cord?

A

+ Posterior median fissure
+ Anterior median fissure
+ Anterior white commissure
+ Central canal

55
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

56
Q

How many paired spinal nerves are there in each of the 5 regions?

A 
Cervical (8)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (1)
57
Q

What is the name for where the spinal cord terminates?

A

Conus Medullaris (end of L1)

58
Q

What are the roots of the spinal cord called?

A

Cauda Equina (L, S, C)

59
Q

Why are some areas of the spinal cord enlarged?

A

They are areas of control (spinal nerves innervating the limbs)

60
Q

What are the areas of the spinal cord that are enlarged?

A

+ Cervical

+ Lumbosacral

61
Q

What are the features of a dorsal (spinal) root ganglion?

A

+ Dorsal rami
+ Ventral rami
+ Rami communicates
+ Sympathetic ganglion

MD2001 (52 decks)

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