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MD2001 > Structure of the Airway > Flashcards

Structure of the Airway Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

+ Provide oxygen to the body through inhalation

+ Remove carbon dioxide through exhalation

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2
Q

How is inhalation/inspiration achieved?

A

By increasing the size of the thorax

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3
Q

How is increasing the size of the thorax achieved?

A

+ Contraction (and lowering) of the diaphragm and raising the ribs

+ Creating a negative intra-thoracic pressure that sucks air through the conductive passages and down into the lungs

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4
Q

What are the conductive passages of the respiratory system?

A 
\+ Nasal cavity
\+ Nasopharynx
\+ Larynx
\+ Trachea
\+ Bronchi
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5
Q

What must happen to the air that is inhaled/inspired?

A

It must be warmed, filtered and humidified (vascular mucosa, cilia, mucus)

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6
Q

How is exhalation achieved?

A

By decreasing the size of the thorax, a generally passive process

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7
Q

The nose is an external structure that anteriorly encloses which cavities?

A

Nasal cavities:

  • the start of the respiratory tract
  • held open by bone and cartilage
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8
Q

Where are the nasal cavities located?

A

+ Above the oral cavity
+ Between the two orbits
+ Posterior to the nose
+ Anterior to the nasopharynx

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9
Q

What are the nasal cavities lined with?

A

A highly vascularised mucosal membrane lined with respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified, cilited, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells for mucous secretion)

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10
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

A midline structure that separates the left and right nasal cavities

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11
Q

What is the composition of the nasal septum?

A

+ Anteriorly, made of septal cartilage

+ Posteriorly, made of bone

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12
Q

What happens if the septum deviates from the midline?

A

Sinus drainage may be compromised

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavities?

A

+ Bone (ethmoid, frontonasal, sphenoid; roof)
+ Nasal septum (medial)
+ Hard and soft palates (floor)
+ Nasal conchae (lateral)

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14
Q

What are the physical features that form the nasal cavity?

A 
\+ Frontal sinus
\+ Maxillary sinus
\+ Hard palate
\+ Nasal septum
\+ Middle concha
\+ Middle meatus
\+ Inferior concha
\+ Inferior meatus
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15
Q

What is another name for conchae?

A

Turbinates

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16
Q

Where are conchae situated?

A

They project from the lateral wall and overhang the meati, into which the sinuses open

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17
Q

Where are the orbits in relation to the nasal cavity?

A

Immediately lateral

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18
Q

What is different about the opening of the maxillary sinus and why might that cause problems?

A

+ Opening is high in its medial wall

+ Clearance of mucus is dependent upon ciliary action which may be compromised due to infection

+ This can lead to possible sinusitis, as can a deviated septum

19
Q

What is the role of sinuses?

A

To assist in warming incoming air

20
Q

What is the role of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Enters the nasal cavity to drain tears from the conjunctiva of the eye

21
Q

What are the sinuses of the face?

A

+ Frontal
+ Ethmoid
+ Sphenoidal
+ Maxillary

22
Q

What is another term for nosebleeds?

A

Epistaxis

23
Q

Between which branches do the vessels of the highly vascularised nasal mucosal membrane anastamose?

A

+ External carotids

+ Internal carotids

24
Q

Where are the olfactory and the olfactory nerves located?

A

In the roof and upper parts of the lateral wall

25
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

+ A tube of fibrous and muscular tissue that can be divided into 3 parts.

It lies behind:

+ The nasal cavity (nasopharynx)
+ The oral cavity (oropharynx)
+ The larynx (laryngopharynx)

26
Q

What are functions/features of the nasopharynx?

A

+ Transports air

+ Divided from oropharynx by soft palate

27
Q

What are functions/features of the oropharynx?

A

+ Transports air, fluid, and food (but these must be separated so air passes into the larynx while food and fluid continue into the laryngopharynx

+ Superior to the epiglottia

28
Q

What are functions/ features of the laryngopharynx?

A

+ To transport food and fluid

29
Q

What is the larynx?

A

+ A membranous tube suspended between cartilages, the positions of which are controlled by muscles

30
Q

What does altering the laryngeal diameters allow?

A

+ The passage of air only

+ The control of airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure

31
Q

What are the physical features of the larynx?

A

+ Epiglottic (elastic)
+ Thyroid
+ Arytenoid
+ Cricoid

32
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cricothyroid membrane?

A

It is the site of emergency access to the airway

33
Q

Where is the ary-epiglottic fold?

A

Upper edge of the quadrangular membrane

34
Q

Where is the vestibular fold?

A

Lower edge of the quadrangular membrane

35
Q

Where is the vocal fold?

A

Upper edge of the cricovocal/cricothyroid membrane

36
Q

What are the ary-epiglottic folds formed from?

A

Laringeal inlet, which is the protective sphincter

37
Q

How does the laryngeal inlet close?

A

+ By elevation of the larynx which is lifted up and forwards during swallowing

+ Muscles within the ary-epiglottic folds aid both closure and widening of the laryngeal inlet

38
Q

What are the folds and saccule/ventricles of the larynx?

A

+ Vestibular fold
+ Saccule
+ Laryngeal ventricle
+ Vocal ligaments

39
Q

What do the vocal folds control?

A

Laryngeal diameter for:

  • speech
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • raising intra-abdominal pressure

Vital in micronutrition, defecation and lifting heavy objects.

40
Q

What are the main actions of laryngeal muscles?

A
  1. Close/open the laryngeal inlet (ary-epiglottic folds)
  2. Close/open rima glottidis (arytenoid gliding and rotation)
  3. Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds (“rocking” at cricothyroid joints)
41
Q

What is the only muscle that can open the rima glottidid?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid

42
Q

What is the role of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

It supplies only 1 muscle and sensation ABOVE vocal cords

43
Q

What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

It supplies all other muscles, and sensation of vocal cords and below

44
Q

Where is the trachea in relation to its surroundings?

A

+ In front of oesophagus
+ Medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins
+ Inferior to larynx
+ Thyroid gland surrounds the upper portion

MD2001 (52 decks)

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