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MD2001 > MS Systems: Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

MS Systems: Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

+ Fibrous
+ Cartilaginous
+ Synovial

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2
Q

What are the features of fibrous joints?

A

No movement

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3
Q

What are examples of fibrous joints?

A

The suture joints of the skill and teeth

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4
Q

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

A

+ Very strong

+ No movement

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5
Q

Where are primary cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis) found?

A

+ Costal cartilage and ribs

+ Epiphyseal plates in growing bones

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6
Q

Where are secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses) found?

A

+ Joints of the sternum
+ Intervertebral discs
+ Pubic symphysis

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7
Q

What are features of synovial joints

A
  1. Fibrous capsule
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Intra-articular disc
  5. Bursae
  6. Synovial sheaths
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8
Q

What are the features of a fibrous capsule?

A

+ Consist of collagen fibres
+ May be thickened along lines of stress to form ligaments
+ Ligaments restrict movement, protecting the joint from damage (very commonly damaged e.g sprained ankle)
+ Intrinsic ligaments are part of the capsule

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9
Q

What are features of articular cartilage?

A

+ Hyaline cartilage
+ Creates frictionless surface
+ Poor blood supply

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10
Q

What are features of synovial membranes?

A

+ Collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule

+ Secretees synovial fluid

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11
Q

What are features of synovial fluid?

A

+ Consists of hyaluronic acid, lubricin, small no. of phagocytic cells

+ Reduces friction between the articular surfaces:

  • alignment of glycoprotein molecules changes with exercise
  • exercise decreases viscosity so that lubrication improves (thixotropic)

+ Provides nutrients (and O2) for articular cartilage, removes waste

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12
Q

What are features of intra-articular discs?

A

+ Meniscus
+ Made of fibro-cartilage
+ Discs found in joints where there are rotatory movements

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13
Q

What are features of bursae?

A

+ Closed sacs with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid

+ Found where friction occurs e.g between skin & bone, tendons & bone

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14
Q

What are features of synovial sheaths?

A

+ Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure e.g those found in the hand and foot

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15
Q

What are factors that influence joint stability?

A

+ Shape of bones
+ Strength and position of ligaments
+ Tone of surrounding muscles

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16
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative disease:

  • articular cartilage
  • weight bearing joints
17
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease:

- changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage

18
Q

What is the purpose of deep fascia?

A

It divides the limbs into compartments (e.g in the arm - anterior/posterior

Compartments contain groups of muscles that share a function

19
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A

Thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath

20
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

Layer of dense connective tissue which can surround individual muscles

Surround groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments

21
Q

What are the components of a muscle functional group?

A

+ Prime mover

+ Synergists

22
Q

What are features of muscle fibres?

A

+ Arranged in bundles or fasiculi

Divided into 3 layers:

  • epimysium (dense sheath on surface)
  • perimysium (lies between fasiculi)
  • endomysium (separates the muscle fibres)
23
Q

What is the role of myosatellite cells?

A

They give rise to myoblasts, which mature into myocytes

24
Q

What is antagonistic muscle action?

A

When a group of muscles oppose the movement of another group - called the antagonists

As one muscle relaxes, the other contract and vice versa

25
Q

Which type of cartilage never ossifies and where is it found?

A

Elastic cartilage:

  • ears
  • tip of nose
  • epiglottis
26
Q

What are features of fibrocartilage?

A

Forms the tough shock-absorbing discs between the symphyses in the midline of the body (intervertebral discs)

27
Q

What are features of hyaline cartilage?

A

+ Forms the laryngeal cartilages, tracheal rings, bronchi and costal cartilages

+ May ossify later in life

+ Cushions the joint (articular) surfaces of bones in synovial joints

+ Hyaline cartilage forms the temporary skeleton of the developing foetus (cartilage model) - gradually replaced almost entirely by bone (ossification)

28
Q

What are ligaments, and what are their function?

A

Short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue:

  • connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
  • a membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position.
29
Q

What are tendons, and what are their function?

A

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

MD2001 (52 decks)

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