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RUSVM Pathology II 2016 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the renal parenchyma divided into?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

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2
Q

What is the filtering mechanism of the kidney?

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte

Endocrine such as renin and erythropoeitin

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4
Q

Renal Aplasia

A

absence of development of a kidney, can be unilateral or bilateral

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5
Q

Renal Hypoplasia

A

a quantitative defect caused by reduced mass of metanephric blastema

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6
Q

Renal dysplasia

A

an abnormal and asynchronous differentiation of renal tissues

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7
Q

What causes renal dysplasia?

A 
Feline panleukopenia
canine herpes virus
Bovine viral diarrhea
Autosomal dominant in suffolk sheep 
Hypovitaminosis A in pigs 
Intrauterine urethral obstruction in pigs ans calves
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8
Q

Renal Cysts

A

cysts filled with fluid and lines by flat cuboidal epithelium
Can be uni or bilateral, single or multiple
An incidental finding

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9
Q

Polycystic kidneys

A

variably sized cysts in both cortex and medulla
Kidney is honeycombed appearance
filled with colorless fluid
Inherited ass an autosomal dominant condition in pigs and lambs

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10
Q

What are the consequences of renal cysts

A

can cause compressive atrophy

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11
Q

What is Acquired (nondevelopmental) cysts?

A

obstructed tubules in chronic renal disease

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12
Q

Ectopic kidneys

A

normal kidneys in abnormal locations

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13
Q

Ectopic kidneys are predisposing factors for what?

A

Ureter obstruction

development of hydronephrosis

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14
Q

Retained fetal lobulation and fusion

A

Congenital malformation that results from a fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidneys

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15
Q

What causes Dark red to black kidneys?

A

Severe Intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria

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16
Q

What causes Myoglobinuria?

A

Rhabdomyolysis in capture myopathy in animals

Equine paralytic myoglobinuria

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17
Q

Lipofucsinosis

A

Found in old cattle

Kidneys are dark brown to black

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18
Q

What causes choluria?

A

Kidneys excrete conjugated bilirubin due to Obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease

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19
Q

What is a result of prolonged prostration and circulatory failure?

A

Hypostatic congestion

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20
Q

What causes “turkey egg” kidneys in pigs?

A

Hog Cholera

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21
Q

What causes petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhage?

A

Coagulopathies
Viral Infections
Septicemia
Toxins

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22
Q

What causes renal petechia?

A

Extensive vascular injury or platelet consumption leading to DIC
Acquired or congenital clotting defects

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23
Q

What are examples of Acquired and congenital clotting defects?

A

Sweet clover - coumarin poisoning
Vitamin K deficiency
Hemophilia A and B

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24
Q

What are viral causes of renal petechia and ecchymosis?

A

Hog Cholera
African Swine Fever
Canine herpes virus

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25
What are bacterial causes of renal petechia?
Erysipelas rhusiopathiae Streptococcal Salmonella
26
What toxins cause renaal petechia?
Oak toxicity endotoxins enterotoxins
27
Describe Renal infarcts
Triangular (edge) shaped with the apex pointing towards the medulla
28
What is a common cause of renal infarcts?
Valvular endocarditis
29
What does prolonged ischemia lead to?
Infarction | coagulative necrosis
30
What does amyloidosis causes?
Protein losing nephropathy
31
What are the types of amyloidosis?
Primary | Secondary
32
Primary Amyloidosis
deposition of amyloid AL derived from Ig light chains produced by abnormal plasma cells
33
Secondary Amyloidosis
deposition of amyloid AA that originates from serum alpha-globulin
34
Describe kidneys with amyloidosis
enlarged, pale, waxy with a finely granular surface
35
What stains are used to confirm amyloidosis?
Congo red | Thyoflavine-T
36
What is familial renal amyloidosis characterized by?
medullary deposits of amyloid with fibrosis and papillary necrosis
37
What does amyloidosis lead to?
thrombosis of pulmonary arteries or renal veins due to hypercoagulable state
38
What causes the hypercoagulable state and thrombosis of pulmonary arteries or renal veins?
Stimulation of production of acute-phase proteins such as fibrinogen simultaneously losing low molecular weight anticoagulants (antithrombin III)
39
What lesion is associated with Endotoxemia
Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis
40
What does Renal Cortical necrosis appear like?
Mosaic (patchy) appearance with intermixed areas of red and yellow discoloration
41
What are the causes of medullary necrosis?
``` Amyloidosis in cats Pyelonephritis Diabetes Mellitus Urinary obstruction Use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs ```
42
What causes Papillary necrosis in horses?
NSAID toxicity
43
What causes oxalate nephrosis?
Ethylene glycol toxicity
44
What causes toxic nephrosis?
``` Heavy metals: Mercury Lead Cadmium Chromium Copper Phosphorus ``` Carbon tetrachloride chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides
45
What are the nephrotioxic plants?
Pigweed | Oaks
46
What causes Embolic Nephritis?
Bacteremia
47
What is the pattern of lesions in Embolic Nephritis?
Multifocal suppurative glomerulitis
48
What develops as a result of embolic nephritis?
Chronic renal microabscesses
49
What is glomerulonephritis associated with?
Immune mediated injury
50
What are the two main mechanisms related to immune mediated processes causing glomerulonephritis?
Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes | Autoantibodies directed against the GBM
51
What are the three morphological types of Glomerulonephritis?
Membranous glomerulonephritis Proliferative glomerulonephritis Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis
52
What is Membranous glomerulonephritis characterized by?
thickening of the basement membrane
53
What is Proliferative glomerulonephritis characterized by?
increased cellularity
54
What does Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis lead to?
leads to glomerular sclerosis
55
Tubulo-interstitial nephritis
Inflammatory infiltration in the interstitium affects tubular functions such as impaired reabsorption, concentration, and/or excretion
56
What causes "White Spotted-kidney"?
E coli bacteremia in the first few weeks of life
57
What causes interstitial nephritis in dogs?
Leptospira Infectious canine hepatitis virus Theileria
58
What causes interstitial nephritis in cattle?
E. coli septicemia (white spotted kidney) Leptospira Malignant catarrhal fever
59
What causes interstitial nephritis in sheep?
Sheeppox
60
What causes interstitial nephritis in pigs?
Leptospira Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome Porcine circovirus 2
61
What causes interstitial nephritis in horses?
Equine viral arteritis
62
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
63
What is a predisposing factor for pyelonephritis?
Urinary obstruction Renal medulla is the most susceptible Abnormal vesico-ureteral reflux Cystitis
64
Abnormal vesico-ureteral reflux
short intravesical length of the ureters and less oblique entry through the bladder wall causing reflux of urine into the ureters
65
Granulomatous nephritis
a form of chronic nephritis characterized by predominance of macrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate
66
What is a parasite found in the kidneys of pigs?
Stephanurus dentatus
67
Hydronephrosis
abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma
68
What causes Hydronephrosis?
increased pressure following partial or complete obstruction of the urine outflow
69
Urolithiasis
formation of solid or semisolid concretions anywhere in the urinary collecting system
70
What are the predisposing factors to Urolithiasis?
``` Increased urinary concentration Low urine volume Urine pH UTIs Diets high in phosphorus High levels of silica ```
71
What are some examples of abnormal structure familial renal disease?
Familial glomerulopathies in Samoyed and Doberman Pinshers | Familial renal fibrosis in Norwegian Elkhounds
72
What some examples of abnormal function familial Renal Disease?
Fanconi Syndrome in Basenji dogs | Primary renal glucosuria in Norwegian Elkhound
73
What are the three ways the kidney responds to injury?
Tubular regeneration Healing by fibrosis Nephrosclerosis if fibrosis is severe
74
What are the urinary system defense mechanisms?
Barrier system Glomerular mesangial cells General immune response
75
What is characteristic for End-Stage Kidney?
Severe chronic inflammation and fibrosis efface the normal architecture
76
What are the common causes of Chronic Renal Failure in all species?
Tubulointerstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Amyloidosis
77
Renal disease
any deviation from normal renal structure
78
Renal Failure
the inability of the kidney to maintain normal function | Loss of atleast 70-75% of renal function
79
What disrupts glomerular function?
diseases that alter glomerular structural arrangements such as damage to the basement membrane, endothelium, epithelium, or mesangium
80
What disrupts tubularr function?
metabolic insults to the tubular cells (hypoxia or toxins)
81
What two waste products are eliminated by the kidney?
Urea | Creatinine
82
Azotemia
abnormal elevation of urea and creatinine in the blood without clinical manifestations of renal disease
83
Uremia
Clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, guanidine, phenolic acid, high molecular weight alcohols plus other metabolites
84
Clinical signs of uremia
``` Vomiting Dehydration or anasarca polydipsid anuria oliguria poliuria ammoniacal breath malaise due to uremic toxins ```
85
What are some non-renal lesions of uremia?
``` Uremia stomatitis/glossitis Hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis and colitis Endocarditis/ mucoarteritis Tissue mineralization Pulmonary edema ```
86
What occurs in cats and dogs due to fibrinoid arteriolar necrosis and bacterial production of ammonia?
Uremic stomatitis/glossitis
87
Mucoarteritis/endocarditis
non-inflammatory condition due to deposition of glycosaminoglycans with fibrinoid degeneration of the subendocardial connective tissue
88
Where is mucoarteritis most common in the heart?
Left atria | Proximal aorta
89
What is the cause of death in animals with uremia?
Pulmonary edema
90
What syndrome results from abnormal renal function?
Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism due to the retention of phosphorus
91
What causes Cystitis?
Bacterial infection | Exposure to toxic compounds
92
Polypoid cystitis
Formation of mucosal polyps
93
Follicular cystitis
Multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia
94
What kind of cystitis develops in dogs and cats with Diabetes Mellitus?
Emphysematous Cystitis
95
Feline Urological syndrome
obstruction of the urethra by a urethral plug
96
What is Nephroblastoma common in?
``` Pigs Rats Chickens Cattle Dogs ```
97
What causes transitional cell carcinoma in cattle?
ingesting bracken fern
98
What causes transitional cell carcinoma in dogs
exposure to Insecticide dips

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 (11 decks)

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