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RUSVM Pathology II 2016 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the renal parenchyma divided into?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

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2
Q

What is the filtering mechanism of the kidney?

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte

Endocrine such as renin and erythropoeitin

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4
Q

Renal Aplasia

A

absence of development of a kidney, can be unilateral or bilateral

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5
Q

Renal Hypoplasia

A

a quantitative defect caused by reduced mass of metanephric blastema

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6
Q

Renal dysplasia

A

an abnormal and asynchronous differentiation of renal tissues

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7
Q

What causes renal dysplasia?

A 
Feline panleukopenia
canine herpes virus
Bovine viral diarrhea
Autosomal dominant in suffolk sheep 
Hypovitaminosis A in pigs 
Intrauterine urethral obstruction in pigs ans calves
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8
Q

Renal Cysts

A

cysts filled with fluid and lines by flat cuboidal epithelium
Can be uni or bilateral, single or multiple
An incidental finding

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9
Q

Polycystic kidneys

A

variably sized cysts in both cortex and medulla
Kidney is honeycombed appearance
filled with colorless fluid
Inherited ass an autosomal dominant condition in pigs and lambs

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10
Q

What are the consequences of renal cysts

A

can cause compressive atrophy

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11
Q

What is Acquired (nondevelopmental) cysts?

A

obstructed tubules in chronic renal disease

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12
Q

Ectopic kidneys

A

normal kidneys in abnormal locations

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13
Q

Ectopic kidneys are predisposing factors for what?

A

Ureter obstruction

development of hydronephrosis

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14
Q

Retained fetal lobulation and fusion

A

Congenital malformation that results from a fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidneys

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15
Q

What causes Dark red to black kidneys?

A

Severe Intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria

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16
Q

What causes Myoglobinuria?

A

Rhabdomyolysis in capture myopathy in animals

Equine paralytic myoglobinuria

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17
Q

Lipofucsinosis

A

Found in old cattle

Kidneys are dark brown to black

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18
Q

What causes choluria?

A

Kidneys excrete conjugated bilirubin due to Obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease

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19
Q

What is a result of prolonged prostration and circulatory failure?

A

Hypostatic congestion

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20
Q

What causes “turkey egg” kidneys in pigs?

A

Hog Cholera

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21
Q

What causes petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhage?

A

Coagulopathies
Viral Infections
Septicemia
Toxins

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22
Q

What causes renal petechia?

A

Extensive vascular injury or platelet consumption leading to DIC
Acquired or congenital clotting defects

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23
Q

What are examples of Acquired and congenital clotting defects?

A

Sweet clover - coumarin poisoning
Vitamin K deficiency
Hemophilia A and B

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24
Q

What are viral causes of renal petechia and ecchymosis?

A

Hog Cholera
African Swine Fever
Canine herpes virus

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25
Q

What are bacterial causes of renal petechia?

A

Erysipelas rhusiopathiae
Streptococcal
Salmonella

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26
Q

What toxins cause renaal petechia?

A

Oak toxicity
endotoxins
enterotoxins

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27
Q

Describe Renal infarcts

A

Triangular (edge) shaped with the apex pointing towards the medulla

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28
Q

What is a common cause of renal infarcts?

A

Valvular endocarditis

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29
Q

What does prolonged ischemia lead to?

A

Infarction

coagulative necrosis

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30
Q

What does amyloidosis causes?

A

Protein losing nephropathy

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31
Q

What are the types of amyloidosis?

A

Primary

Secondary

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32
Q

Primary Amyloidosis

A

deposition of amyloid AL derived from Ig light chains produced by abnormal plasma cells

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33
Q

Secondary Amyloidosis

A

deposition of amyloid AA that originates from serum alpha-globulin

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34
Q

Describe kidneys with amyloidosis

A

enlarged, pale, waxy with a finely granular surface

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35
Q

What stains are used to confirm amyloidosis?

A

Congo red

Thyoflavine-T

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36
Q

What is familial renal amyloidosis characterized by?

A

medullary deposits of amyloid with fibrosis and papillary necrosis

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37
Q

What does amyloidosis lead to?

A

thrombosis of pulmonary arteries or renal veins due to hypercoagulable state

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38
Q

What causes the hypercoagulable state and thrombosis of pulmonary arteries or renal veins?

A

Stimulation of production of acute-phase proteins such as fibrinogen
simultaneously losing low molecular weight anticoagulants (antithrombin III)

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39
Q

What lesion is associated with Endotoxemia

A

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis

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40
Q

What does Renal Cortical necrosis appear like?

A

Mosaic (patchy) appearance with intermixed areas of red and yellow discoloration

41
Q

What are the causes of medullary necrosis?

A 
Amyloidosis in cats
Pyelonephritis
Diabetes Mellitus
Urinary obstruction 
Use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs
42
Q

What causes Papillary necrosis in horses?

A

NSAID toxicity

43
Q

What causes oxalate nephrosis?

A

Ethylene glycol toxicity

44
Q

What causes toxic nephrosis?

A 
Heavy metals: 
Mercury
Lead
Cadmium 
Chromium 
Copper
Phosphorus

Carbon tetrachloride chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides

45
Q

What are the nephrotioxic plants?

A

Pigweed

Oaks

46
Q

What causes Embolic Nephritis?

A

Bacteremia

47
Q

What is the pattern of lesions in Embolic Nephritis?

A

Multifocal suppurative glomerulitis

48
Q

What develops as a result of embolic nephritis?

A

Chronic renal microabscesses

49
Q

What is glomerulonephritis associated with?

A

Immune mediated injury

50
Q

What are the two main mechanisms related to immune mediated processes causing glomerulonephritis?

A

Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes

Autoantibodies directed against the GBM

51
Q

What are the three morphological types of Glomerulonephritis?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis

52
Q

What is Membranous glomerulonephritis characterized by?

A

thickening of the basement membrane

53
Q

What is Proliferative glomerulonephritis characterized by?

A

increased cellularity

54
Q

What does Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis lead to?

A

leads to glomerular sclerosis

55
Q

Tubulo-interstitial nephritis

A

Inflammatory infiltration in the interstitium affects tubular functions such as impaired reabsorption, concentration, and/or excretion

56
Q

What causes “White Spotted-kidney”?

A

E coli bacteremia in the first few weeks of life

57
Q

What causes interstitial nephritis in dogs?

A

Leptospira
Infectious canine hepatitis virus
Theileria

58
Q

What causes interstitial nephritis in cattle?

A

E. coli septicemia (white spotted kidney)
Leptospira
Malignant catarrhal fever

59
Q

What causes interstitial nephritis in sheep?

A

Sheeppox

60
Q

What causes interstitial nephritis in pigs?

A

Leptospira
Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Porcine circovirus 2

61
Q

What causes interstitial nephritis in horses?

A

Equine viral arteritis

62
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

63
Q

What is a predisposing factor for pyelonephritis?

A

Urinary obstruction
Renal medulla is the most susceptible
Abnormal vesico-ureteral reflux
Cystitis

64
Q

Abnormal vesico-ureteral reflux

A

short intravesical length of the ureters and less oblique entry through the bladder wall causing reflux of urine into the ureters

65
Q

Granulomatous nephritis

A

a form of chronic nephritis characterized by predominance of macrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate

66
Q

What is a parasite found in the kidneys of pigs?

A

Stephanurus dentatus

67
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma

68
Q

What causes Hydronephrosis?

A

increased pressure following partial or complete obstruction of the urine outflow

69
Q

Urolithiasis

A

formation of solid or semisolid concretions anywhere in the urinary collecting system

70
Q

What are the predisposing factors to Urolithiasis?

A 
Increased urinary concentration 
Low urine volume
Urine pH
UTIs
Diets high in phosphorus
High levels of silica
71
Q

What are some examples of abnormal structure familial renal disease?

A

Familial glomerulopathies in Samoyed and Doberman Pinshers

Familial renal fibrosis in Norwegian Elkhounds

72
Q

What some examples of abnormal function familial Renal Disease?

A

Fanconi Syndrome in Basenji dogs

Primary renal glucosuria in Norwegian Elkhound

73
Q

What are the three ways the kidney responds to injury?

A

Tubular regeneration
Healing by fibrosis
Nephrosclerosis if fibrosis is severe

74
Q

What are the urinary system defense mechanisms?

A

Barrier system
Glomerular mesangial cells
General immune response

75
Q

What is characteristic for End-Stage Kidney?

A

Severe chronic inflammation and fibrosis efface the normal architecture

76
Q

What are the common causes of Chronic Renal Failure in all species?

A

Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Amyloidosis

77
Q

Renal disease

A

any deviation from normal renal structure

78
Q

Renal Failure

A

the inability of the kidney to maintain normal function

Loss of atleast 70-75% of renal function

79
Q

What disrupts glomerular function?

A

diseases that alter glomerular structural arrangements such as damage to the basement membrane, endothelium, epithelium, or mesangium

80
Q

What disrupts tubularr function?

A

metabolic insults to the tubular cells (hypoxia or toxins)

81
Q

What two waste products are eliminated by the kidney?

A

Urea

Creatinine

82
Q

Azotemia

A

abnormal elevation of urea and creatinine in the blood without clinical manifestations of renal disease

83
Q

Uremia

A

Clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, guanidine, phenolic acid, high molecular weight alcohols plus other metabolites

84
Q

Clinical signs of uremia

A 
Vomiting
Dehydration or anasarca
polydipsid
anuria
oliguria
poliuria
ammoniacal breath
malaise due to uremic toxins
85
Q

What are some non-renal lesions of uremia?

A 
Uremia stomatitis/glossitis
Hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis and colitis
Endocarditis/ mucoarteritis
Tissue mineralization 
Pulmonary edema
86
Q

What occurs in cats and dogs due to fibrinoid arteriolar necrosis and bacterial production of ammonia?

A

Uremic stomatitis/glossitis

87
Q

Mucoarteritis/endocarditis

A

non-inflammatory condition due to deposition of glycosaminoglycans with fibrinoid degeneration of the subendocardial connective tissue

88
Q

Where is mucoarteritis most common in the heart?

A

Left atria

Proximal aorta

89
Q

What is the cause of death in animals with uremia?

A

Pulmonary edema

90
Q

What syndrome results from abnormal renal function?

A

Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism due to the retention of phosphorus

91
Q

What causes Cystitis?

A

Bacterial infection

Exposure to toxic compounds

92
Q

Polypoid cystitis

A

Formation of mucosal polyps

93
Q

Follicular cystitis

A

Multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia

94
Q

What kind of cystitis develops in dogs and cats with Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Emphysematous Cystitis

95
Q

Feline Urological syndrome

A

obstruction of the urethra by a urethral plug

96
Q

What is Nephroblastoma common in?

A 
Pigs 
Rats
Chickens
Cattle
Dogs
97
Q

What causes transitional cell carcinoma in cattle?

A

ingesting bracken fern

98
Q

What causes transitional cell carcinoma in dogs

A

exposure to Insecticide dips

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 (11 decks)

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