Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How are the neurons arranged in the CNS?

A

Arranged in nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are the neurons arranged in the PNS?

A

Arranged in ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the reactions of neurons to injury?

A 
Chromatolysis
Acidophilia
Cytoplasmic Vacuolation 
Inclusions
Neuronophagia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Swelling of cell body and dissolution of nissl granules with margination of nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is Chromatolysis seen?

A

EMN
dysautonomias
copper deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acidophilia

A

Ischemic change
Cell death
Cell is shrunken, acidophilic, angular
Nucleus pyknotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does acidophilia occur?

A

in trauma
hypoglycemia
thiamine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When do you see cytoplasmic vacuolation?

A

Lipid
Intracytoplasmic edema
Lysosomal storage
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What viruses cause inclusions?

A

Rabies

Canine Distemper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pigment associated with Inclusion bodies?

A

Lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neuronophagia

A

“eating neurons”

Phagocytosis of neurons by microglia/monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cell synthesizes myelin?

A 
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Myelin responsible for?

A

Conduction

Speed of impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What confers white color to brain and cord?

A

Myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of Demyelination?

A

Primary

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is primary demyelination?

A

Axons remain intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is secondary demyelination?

A

damage to axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is there greater capacity to remyelinate?

A

in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Retrograde

A

from motor end plate to cell body

used by infectious agents and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

Concomitant degeneration of axon & sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes Wallerian Degeneration?

A

Trauma
Toxins
Axon swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of Astrocytes?

A

Protoplasmic

Fibrillar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Transport nutrients
Part of the BBB
Antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reactions of Astrocytes to injury?

A

Proliferation (gliosis)
Walling off damaged area/scarring
Swelling (gemistocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Oligodendrocytes functions

A

Develop and maintain myelin in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Microglia functions

A

Phagocytosis/antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ependymal cells

A

ciliated cuboidal cells lining neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ependymal cells function

A

Formation of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the types of edema?

A

Cytotoxic
Vasogenic
Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cytotoxic edema

A

direct cell damage leading to failure of the sodium/potassium pump and intracellular edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vasogenic edema

A

damage to vascular wall, increased permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Interstitial edema

A

increased transependymal movement of CSF, myelin, edema, congenital edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an example of interstitial edema?

A

hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an example of cytotoxic edema?

A

intoxication
early hypoxia
hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is an example of vasogenic edema?

A

Vasculitis

fibrinoid necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the three forms of brain swelling/herniation?

A

Subfaicial
Transtentorial
Caudal Cerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Malacia

A

Post necrotic softening of brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does malacia heal by?

A

astrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Leukomalacia

A

Softening of the white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Polimalacia

A

Softening of the grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Encephalo

A

involving the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Myelo

A

involving the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What causes Malacia

A

Trauma
Infarction
Vascular disease: Toxins, Deficiencies, Inflammation, Arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

extreme malacia (softening of the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are examples of extrinsic congenital malformations?

A 
Teratogens: 
Heat
Toxins
Nutritional deficiencies 
Infectious agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an example of intrinsic congenital malformations?

A

Lysosomal storage diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

Altered gene function -altered enzyme activity - build up of substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

GM1 Gangliosidosis

A

Accumulation of ganglioside

Enzyme defect beta-galactosidase

49
Q

Ingestion of what plant causes an acquired form of mannosidosis?

A

Locoweeds

50
Q

What virus causes cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?

A

Feline Panleukopenia virus

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

hypermetric base-wide gate
Truncal ataxia
intention tremor

52
Q

What causes arthrogryposis in calves?

A

Schmallenberg virus

53
Q

What virus in calves causes Microencephaly?

A

BVD virus

54
Q

What virus in pigs causes microencephaly?

A

classical swine fever

55
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF causing brain swelling

56
Q

What are the two types of Hydrocephalus?

A

Congenital

Acquired

57
Q

What causes acquired hydrocephalus?

A

Obstructive processes: Meningitis, abscess, tumor, cysts

58
Q

Spina bifida

A

defective closure of bony encasement of spinal cord

59
Q

What does septic emboli cause?

A

Thrombosis –> malacia –> abscessation –> astrocytic encapsulation

60
Q

What causes septic emboli in cattle?

A

Actinomyces pyogenes
haemophilus somnus
staph aureus

61
Q

What causes septic emboli in lambs?

A

Staph aureus (tick pyemia)

62
Q

What causes septic emboli in horses?

A

Strep equi

63
Q

What causes septic emboli in dogs?

A

Staph aureus

64
Q

What does E. coli in pigs cause?

A

encephalitis
ependymitis
emboli leading to multiple abscesses

65
Q

What is an important cause of disease in feedlot cattle?

A

Histophilus somni

66
Q

What does Histophilus somni cause?

A

Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis

67
Q

How does Listeria enter the trigeminal nerve?

A

Through Peridontitis

68
Q

What nerve does Listeria travel along?

A

Trigeminal nerve

69
Q

Where do you look in the brain for Listeria?

A

Medulla

70
Q

What does Listeria cause?

A

Meningoencephalitis with microabscesses
Perivascular cuffing
Gliosis

71
Q

What are the clinical signs for Listeriosis?

A 
Circling
Head tilt 
facial paralysis
drooling saliva
death with a few days 
Abortion 
Septicemia 
Conjunctivitis
72
Q

What causes Meningitis in calves?

A

E Coli
Salmonelaa
H somnus

73
Q

What causes Meningitis in pigs?

A

Strep suis

Haemophilus suis

74
Q

What is seen in Meningitis?

A

Fibrinopurulent exudate in Leptomeninges
Encephalitis
ependymitis

75
Q

Which viral infections induce congenital lesions?

A

BVDV in cattle

FPV in cats

76
Q

Which viral infections induce vasculitis?

A

BMC in cattle
CAV in dogs
FIP in Cats
EHV in horses

77
Q

What are the viruses that cause viral vasculopathies?

A 
Bovine malignant catarrhal infection 
ovine herpes virus 2
FIP 
Equine herpes virus 1
Canine herpes virus
78
Q

What does FIP cause in cats?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation leading to vasculitis, vascular necrosis and infarction

79
Q

What viruses cause Meningoencephalitis?

A 
Louping Ill virus
Equine encephalomyelitis
Canine distemper
Rabies
Aujeszkys Disease
80
Q

What does Canine Distemper cause?

A

Demyelinating encephalitis
Polioencephalitis
Old dog encephalitis
Post vaccinal encephalitis

81
Q

What are the Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathies?

A 
Scrapie
BSE
FSE
Chronic Wasting disease
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
82
Q

What is the common name for Coenuris cerebalis?

A

“circling disease”

83
Q

What is associated with Acute Gid?

A

Malacia

84
Q

What is associated with chronic Gid?

A

edema
hydrocephalus
bone softening

85
Q

What does Toxoplasmosis cause in sheep fetuses?

A

Multifocal encephalitis

86
Q

What does Neospora Caninum cause?

A

Myositis
Meningoencephalitis
Hindlimb paralysis

87
Q

What causes sudden or gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia in horses?

A

Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis - Sarcocystis neurona

88
Q

What causes verminous encephalomyelitis in horses?

A

Halicephalobus gingivalis

Strongylus vulgaris

89
Q

What causes Swayback in young lambs?

A

Copper deficiency

90
Q

What are the three forms of Swayback in lambs?

A

Congenital
Delayed
Acute Delayed

91
Q

What are the characteristics of Congenital Swayback?

A

Blind and unable to suckle at birth
Cavitation/gelatinous subcortical white matter
Hydraencephaly/Hydrocephalus

92
Q

Characteristics of Delayed Swayback

A

at 1-2 months show ataxia
No gross brain lesions
Chromatolysis of neurons in red nucleus and brainstem
Spinal cord lesions similar to congenital form

93
Q

Characteristics of Acute delayed Swayback

A

Adult sheep

Acute brain swelling due to cerebral edema

94
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Swayback?

A

Copper needed for myelin stability, for cytochrome oxidase, and superoxide dismutase
Accumulation of toxic superoxides

95
Q

In what species do you see Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)?

A

Young ruminants

96
Q

Clinical signs of CCN

A 
Onset 5-10 days after change in pasture/management
Blindness
Opisthotnus (Star gazing) 
Nystagmus 
Convulsion 
Death
97
Q

Gross Pathology of CCN

A

Brain swelling
herniation
Reduction in brain size and narrowing of gyri
yellow-tan coloured with autofluorescence under UV light

98
Q

Histopathology of CCN

A

Laminar necrosis
Cerebellar lesions
Neuronal necrosis
edema

99
Q

What causes CCN?

A

Thiamine Deficiency

100
Q

What plants and diets can cause CCN?

A 
Braken Fern 
Male Fern 
Molasses/Urea toxicity 
Cooked Meats in dogs/cats
Fish diets rich in thiaminases
Salt Poisoning 
Lead poisoning
101
Q

What causes Chastek paralysis?

A

Fish diets rich in thiaminases

102
Q

What can cause CCB in chickens?

A

Avitaminosis E

103
Q

Clinical signs of Hound Ataxia

A 
Ataxia 
No pain 
sluggish reflexes
No gross lesions 
Seen in dogs fed only offal
104
Q

What causes Hound Ataxia?

A

Diet of Offal only - possible Methionine deficiency

105
Q

What is the direct cause of Salt Poisoning?

A

Excessive salt diet

Restricted water

106
Q

What is an indirect cause of Salt Poisoning?

A

Water supply restricted due to frozen pipes or if the animals have diarrhea

107
Q

Clinical signs of Salt Poisoning

A 
Acute onset convulsions 
opisthotonus
blindness
recumbency 
paddling 
brain swelling (congestion/edema)
108
Q

What is a pathognomonic lesion for salt poisoning?

A

Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing

109
Q

Clinical signs of Lead poisoning1

A 
Convulsions 
bellowing
blindness
hyperaesthesia
PNS damages: esophageal impaction, laryngeal paralysis
110
Q

What is associated with Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia?

A

Focal Symmetrical encephalomalacia

111
Q

Clinical Signs of Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia

A

Acute onset
Head pressing
Paralysis
Death

112
Q

What pathogen is Focal Symmetrical Ecephalomalacia associated with?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

113
Q

What pathogen is edema disease associated with in pigs?

A

Hemolytic E. coli endotoxemia

114
Q

What does Moldy Corn Poisoning cause in horses?

A

Leukoencephalomalacia

115
Q

What plants causes Nigropallidial Encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease of Horses)?

A

“Yellow star thistle”

Russian knapweed

116
Q

What causes hepatic encephalopathy in cattle?

A

Ragworth poisoning

117
Q

What causes hepatic encephalopathy in Dogs?

A

Portosystemic shunt

118
Q

What causes hepatic encephalopathy in sheep?

A

Copper poisoning

119
Q

Dysautonomias

A

Degenerative changes in autonomic ganglia

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions