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RUSVM Pathology II 2016 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How are the neurons arranged in the CNS?

A

Arranged in nuclei

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2
Q

How are the neurons arranged in the PNS?

A

Arranged in ganglia

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3
Q

What are the reactions of neurons to injury?

A 
Chromatolysis
Acidophilia
Cytoplasmic Vacuolation 
Inclusions
Neuronophagia
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4
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Swelling of cell body and dissolution of nissl granules with margination of nucleus

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5
Q

When is Chromatolysis seen?

A

EMN
dysautonomias
copper deficiency

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6
Q

Acidophilia

A

Ischemic change
Cell death
Cell is shrunken, acidophilic, angular
Nucleus pyknotic

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7
Q

When does acidophilia occur?

A

in trauma
hypoglycemia
thiamine deficiency

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8
Q

When do you see cytoplasmic vacuolation?

A

Lipid
Intracytoplasmic edema
Lysosomal storage
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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9
Q

What viruses cause inclusions?

A

Rabies

Canine Distemper

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10
Q

What is the pigment associated with Inclusion bodies?

A

Lipofuscin

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11
Q

Neuronophagia

A

“eating neurons”

Phagocytosis of neurons by microglia/monocytes

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12
Q

What cell synthesizes myelin?

A 
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
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13
Q

What is Myelin responsible for?

A

Conduction

Speed of impulses

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14
Q

What confers white color to brain and cord?

A

Myelin

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15
Q

What are the two types of Demyelination?

A

Primary

Secondary

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16
Q

What is primary demyelination?

A

Axons remain intact

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17
Q

What is secondary demyelination?

A

damage to axon

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18
Q

Where is there greater capacity to remyelinate?

A

in the PNS

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19
Q

Retrograde

A

from motor end plate to cell body

used by infectious agents and toxins

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20
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

Concomitant degeneration of axon & sheath

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21
Q

What causes Wallerian Degeneration?

A

Trauma
Toxins
Axon swelling

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22
Q

What are the two types of Astrocytes?

A

Protoplasmic

Fibrillar

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23
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Transport nutrients
Part of the BBB
Antigen presentation

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24
Q

Reactions of Astrocytes to injury?

A

Proliferation (gliosis)
Walling off damaged area/scarring
Swelling (gemistocytes)

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25
Oligodendrocytes functions
Develop and maintain myelin in CNS
26
Microglia functions
Phagocytosis/antigen presentation
27
Ependymal cells
ciliated cuboidal cells lining neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus
28
Ependymal cells function
Formation of CSF
29
What are the types of edema?
Cytotoxic Vasogenic Interstitial
30
Cytotoxic edema
direct cell damage leading to failure of the sodium/potassium pump and intracellular edema
31
Vasogenic edema
damage to vascular wall, increased permeability
32
Interstitial edema
increased transependymal movement of CSF, myelin, edema, congenital edema
33
What is an example of interstitial edema?
hydrocephalus
34
What is an example of cytotoxic edema?
intoxication early hypoxia hypoglycemia
35
What is an example of vasogenic edema?
Vasculitis | fibrinoid necrosis
36
What are the three forms of brain swelling/herniation?
Subfaicial Transtentorial Caudal Cerebellar
37
Malacia
Post necrotic softening of brain tissue
38
How does malacia heal by?
astrocytosis
39
Leukomalacia
Softening of the white matter
40
Polimalacia
Softening of the grey matter
41
Encephalo
involving the brain
42
Myelo
involving the spinal cord
43
What causes Malacia
Trauma Infarction Vascular disease: Toxins, Deficiencies, Inflammation, Arteriosclerosis
44
Liquefactive Necrosis
extreme malacia (softening of the brain)
45
What are examples of extrinsic congenital malformations?
``` Teratogens: Heat Toxins Nutritional deficiencies Infectious agents ```
46
What is an example of intrinsic congenital malformations?
Lysosomal storage diseases
47
Lysosomal storage diseases
Altered gene function -altered enzyme activity - build up of substrate
48
GM1 Gangliosidosis
Accumulation of ganglioside | Enzyme defect beta-galactosidase
49
Ingestion of what plant causes an acquired form of mannosidosis?
Locoweeds
50
What virus causes cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?
Feline Panleukopenia virus
51
What are the clinical signs of cerebellar hypoplasia?
hypermetric base-wide gate Truncal ataxia intention tremor
52
What causes arthrogryposis in calves?
Schmallenberg virus
53
What virus in calves causes Microencephaly?
BVD virus
54
What virus in pigs causes microencephaly?
classical swine fever
55
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of CSF causing brain swelling
56
What are the two types of Hydrocephalus?
Congenital | Acquired
57
What causes acquired hydrocephalus?
Obstructive processes: Meningitis, abscess, tumor, cysts
58
Spina bifida
defective closure of bony encasement of spinal cord
59
What does septic emboli cause?
Thrombosis --> malacia --> abscessation --> astrocytic encapsulation
60
What causes septic emboli in cattle?
Actinomyces pyogenes haemophilus somnus staph aureus
61
What causes septic emboli in lambs?
Staph aureus (tick pyemia)
62
What causes septic emboli in horses?
Strep equi
63
What causes septic emboli in dogs?
Staph aureus
64
What does E. coli in pigs cause?
encephalitis ependymitis emboli leading to multiple abscesses
65
What is an important cause of disease in feedlot cattle?
Histophilus somni
66
What does Histophilus somni cause?
Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis
67
How does Listeria enter the trigeminal nerve?
Through Peridontitis
68
What nerve does Listeria travel along?
Trigeminal nerve
69
Where do you look in the brain for Listeria?
Medulla
70
What does Listeria cause?
Meningoencephalitis with microabscesses Perivascular cuffing Gliosis
71
What are the clinical signs for Listeriosis?
``` Circling Head tilt facial paralysis drooling saliva death with a few days Abortion Septicemia Conjunctivitis ```
72
What causes Meningitis in calves?
E Coli Salmonelaa H somnus
73
What causes Meningitis in pigs?
Strep suis | Haemophilus suis
74
What is seen in Meningitis?
Fibrinopurulent exudate in Leptomeninges Encephalitis ependymitis
75
Which viral infections induce congenital lesions?
BVDV in cattle | FPV in cats
76
Which viral infections induce vasculitis?
BMC in cattle CAV in dogs FIP in Cats EHV in horses
77
What are the viruses that cause viral vasculopathies?
``` Bovine malignant catarrhal infection ovine herpes virus 2 FIP Equine herpes virus 1 Canine herpes virus ```
78
What does FIP cause in cats?
Pyogranulomatous inflammation leading to vasculitis, vascular necrosis and infarction
79
What viruses cause Meningoencephalitis?
``` Louping Ill virus Equine encephalomyelitis Canine distemper Rabies Aujeszkys Disease ```
80
What does Canine Distemper cause?
Demyelinating encephalitis Polioencephalitis Old dog encephalitis Post vaccinal encephalitis
81
What are the Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathies?
``` Scrapie BSE FSE Chronic Wasting disease Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease ```
82
What is the common name for Coenuris cerebalis?
"circling disease"
83
What is associated with Acute Gid?
Malacia
84
What is associated with chronic Gid?
edema hydrocephalus bone softening
85
What does Toxoplasmosis cause in sheep fetuses?
Multifocal encephalitis
86
What does Neospora Caninum cause?
Myositis Meningoencephalitis Hindlimb paralysis
87
What causes sudden or gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia in horses?
Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis - Sarcocystis neurona
88
What causes verminous encephalomyelitis in horses?
Halicephalobus gingivalis | Strongylus vulgaris
89
What causes Swayback in young lambs?
Copper deficiency
90
What are the three forms of Swayback in lambs?
Congenital Delayed Acute Delayed
91
What are the characteristics of Congenital Swayback?
Blind and unable to suckle at birth Cavitation/gelatinous subcortical white matter Hydraencephaly/Hydrocephalus
92
Characteristics of Delayed Swayback
at 1-2 months show ataxia No gross brain lesions Chromatolysis of neurons in red nucleus and brainstem Spinal cord lesions similar to congenital form
93
Characteristics of Acute delayed Swayback
Adult sheep | Acute brain swelling due to cerebral edema
94
What is the pathogenesis of Swayback?
Copper needed for myelin stability, for cytochrome oxidase, and superoxide dismutase Accumulation of toxic superoxides
95
In what species do you see Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)?
Young ruminants
96
Clinical signs of CCN
``` Onset 5-10 days after change in pasture/management Blindness Opisthotnus (Star gazing) Nystagmus Convulsion Death ```
97
Gross Pathology of CCN
Brain swelling herniation Reduction in brain size and narrowing of gyri yellow-tan coloured with autofluorescence under UV light
98
Histopathology of CCN
Laminar necrosis Cerebellar lesions Neuronal necrosis edema
99
What causes CCN?
Thiamine Deficiency
100
What plants and diets can cause CCN?
``` Braken Fern Male Fern Molasses/Urea toxicity Cooked Meats in dogs/cats Fish diets rich in thiaminases Salt Poisoning Lead poisoning ```
101
What causes Chastek paralysis?
Fish diets rich in thiaminases
102
What can cause CCB in chickens?
Avitaminosis E
103
Clinical signs of Hound Ataxia
``` Ataxia No pain sluggish reflexes No gross lesions Seen in dogs fed only offal ```
104
What causes Hound Ataxia?
Diet of Offal only - possible Methionine deficiency
105
What is the direct cause of Salt Poisoning?
Excessive salt diet | Restricted water
106
What is an indirect cause of Salt Poisoning?
Water supply restricted due to frozen pipes or if the animals have diarrhea
107
Clinical signs of Salt Poisoning
``` Acute onset convulsions opisthotonus blindness recumbency paddling brain swelling (congestion/edema) ```
108
What is a pathognomonic lesion for salt poisoning?
Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing
109
Clinical signs of Lead poisoning1
``` Convulsions bellowing blindness hyperaesthesia PNS damages: esophageal impaction, laryngeal paralysis ```
110
What is associated with Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia?
Focal Symmetrical encephalomalacia
111
Clinical Signs of Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia
Acute onset Head pressing Paralysis Death
112
What pathogen is Focal Symmetrical Ecephalomalacia associated with?
Clostridium perfringens type D
113
What pathogen is edema disease associated with in pigs?
Hemolytic E. coli endotoxemia
114
What does Moldy Corn Poisoning cause in horses?
Leukoencephalomalacia
115
What plants causes Nigropallidial Encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease of Horses)?
"Yellow star thistle" | Russian knapweed
116
What causes hepatic encephalopathy in cattle?
Ragworth poisoning
117
What causes hepatic encephalopathy in Dogs?
Portosystemic shunt
118
What causes hepatic encephalopathy in sheep?
Copper poisoning
119
Dysautonomias
Degenerative changes in autonomic ganglia

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 (11 decks)

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