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RUSVM Pathology II 2016 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary

A

Decreased cellular activity (hypo) or increased cellular activity (hyper) of the endocrine gland

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2
Q

Secondary

A

A lesion of another organ leads to decreased (hypo) or increased (hyper) cellular activity of the endocrine gland

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs for Hyperadrenocorticism?

A 
Bilaterally symmetrical Alopecia 
Polyphagia 
PU/PD
Pot belly 
Stinks
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4
Q

What hormone is over produced in hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

What is the morphological diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Adrenal cortical Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the liver with hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Soft to the touch
Swollen margins
Tan color
Greasy tinge

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7
Q

What is the morphological diagnosis for the histopathology of the liver with hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration

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8
Q

What is the common name for hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Canine Cushings

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9
Q

What are the two types of Hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Primary

Secondary

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10
Q

What is primary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Adenoma or carcinoma of the zona fasciculata

Not all adrenocortical tumors are “productive” and associated with Hyperadrenocorticism

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11
Q

What is secondary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Adrenal cortical hyperplasia (due to ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma)
Most arise from the pars distalis
Majority are “productive”

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12
Q

Where is lesion for secondary Hyeradrenocorticism located?

A

Pars distalis

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13
Q

Where is the lesion for primary hyperadrenocorticism located?

A

Zona fasciculata

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14
Q

What lesion of the skin is associated with hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Calcinosis cutis

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15
Q

If the other adrenal gland is enlarged then what does the other adrenal glad look like in hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Atrophied

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16
Q

Why does the other adrenal gland appear atrophied when the partner is enlarged?

A

the cortex is receiving the message that there is enough cortisol in the body due to the decrease in ACTH production in response to the message received from the adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

What will the animal’s response to stress be like if the adrenocarcinoma is removed?

A

Very little tolerance

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18
Q

What other lesions would lead to hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Adrenocortical hyperplasia

Pituitary Adenoma

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19
Q

What is the common name for Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction?

A

Equine Cushings

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Equine Cushings?

A 
Hirsuitism 
PU/PD
Polyphagia 
Hyperhidrosis 
Insulin Resistance 
Abnormal fat deposition
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21
Q

Hirsuitism

A

failure to shed

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22
Q

Why is Equine Cushings different from Canine Cushings

A

Non-productive adenoma - not secreting ACTH

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23
Q

What decrease in which hormones would we expect to see in an animal with a cyst instead of a pituitary gland and what disorders?

A

ACTH - Hypoadrenocorticism
Thyroid - Hypothyroid
LH and FSH - Not reproductively active
GnRH - Dwarfism

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24
Q

Iatrogenic Cushing’s Disease

A

Caused by excessive exogenous steroid administration

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25
What is the morphological diagnosis for Iatrogenic Cushing's Disease?
Adrenocortical Atrophy
26
What is the pathogenesis of Iatrogenic Cushings Disease?
increased ACTH administration over a long period of time and negative feedback caused a decrease in ACTH production and Cortisol production from the adrenal glands
27
If you withdrawal too fast from exogenous ACTH administration what disease will occur?
Atrophic Adrenocorticism (Addison's Disease)
28
What is primary hypoadrenocorticism?
immune mediated lymphocytic adrenalitis
29
What hormones are deficient in primary hypoadrenocorticism?
Cortisol and Aldosterone
30
What hormone is deficient in secondary hypoadrenocorticism?
Cortisol
31
What are the two causes of secondary hypoadrenocorticism?
Idiopathic loss of anterior pituitary stimulus | Iatrogenic (long term steroid withdrawal)
32
Ferret Adrenal neoplasm results in what?
Hyperestrogenism
33
What is the gross morphological diagnosis for "Goiter"?
Bilateral Thyroid Hyperplasia
34
What is the pathogenesis for Thyroid Hyperplasia?
Overproduction of TSH causing Thyroid to proliferate to compensate --> no negative feedback from T4 --> more TSH
35
What are the four reasons for a decrease in T4?
Iodine deficient diet Goitrogenic substances interfering with T4 production Congenital dyshormonogenic goiter Excess dietary iodine
36
What plants contain Goitrogenic substances?
Brassica plants - Cabbage family
37
Congenital dyshormonogenic goiter
defects in the enzymes that make thyroglobulin
38
What other clinical sign can result from Hypothyroid?
Hypotrichosis
39
What are the clinical signs for hypothyroidism?
Gain in body weight without change in appetite Bilatterally symmetrical alopecia, scaly skin In severe cases: Atherosclerosis and Myxedema
40
What are two typical lesions causing canine hypothyroidism?
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis | Thyroid atrophy
41
What disorder results from Nodular "adenomatous" thyroid hyperplasia?
Hyperthyroidism
42
Are thyroid neoplasms in dogs benign or malignant?
Malignant and nonproductive
43
Are thyroid neoplasms in cats benign or malignant?
Benign and productive
44
Clinical Signs: Fibrous Osteodystrophy Renal Failure Kidney cortex is white and gritty on cut surface Bilateral nodules on parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hyperplasia
45
What are the two causes of Secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Nutritional Imbalance | Renal Disease
46
What are the Nutritional cause of Hyperparathyroidism?
``` High Phosphorus/Low calcium Hypovitaminosis D (Dietary or uv exposure) ```
47
What are the Renal Disease causes of Hyperparathyroidism?
High Phosphorus | Decreased Vitamin D
48
What is the cause of pseudoparathyroidism?
Neoplasm (Anal sac or Lymphoma) secreting Parathyroid hormone
49
What causes Primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid Adenoma
50
Pathogenesis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Hypercalcemia of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome)
51
What is another name for Pancreatic Islet cell carcinoma/adenoma?
Insulinoma
52
What is an associated lesion with an Insulinoma?
Acute Cerebral cortical necrosis
53
Are most Insulinomas benign or malignant?
Malignant
54
What is a clinical sign of an insulinoma?
Weakness or periodic collapse
55
What is the clinical syndrome of hypoinsulinism?
Diabetes Mellitus
56
What are the two causes of hypoinsulinism?
Decrease in insulin | Insulin Resistance
57
What are the clinical signs of hypoinsulinism?
Polyphagia PU/PD Weight loss
58
What lesions cause Diabetes Mellitus?
Beta Cell degeneration Beta Cell amyloidosis Isletitis Chronic pancreatitis
59
What is the pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus due to Insulin Resistance?
Insulin resistance --> hyperglycemia --> long term intracellular accumulation of glycogen within beta cells --> vacuolar degeneration of beta cells --> insulin deficiency and diabetes mellitus
60
What is the pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus due to Pancreatic islet cell amyloidosis?
Insulin antagonism --> hyperglycemia --> long term overstimulation of Beta cells --> Beta cells produce IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide) along with insulin --> IAPP polymerizes to form amyloid --> crowding of islet cells --> islet cell atrophy --> insulin deficiency and more severe diabetes mellitus
61
What are the associated lesions with Diabetes Mellitus?
Cataracts Microangiopathy Hepatic lipidosis
62
What organs are affected by Microangiopathy?
Kidneys Retina Appendages
63
What is the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy?
Chronic hyperglycemia --> formation of glycosylated proteins --> deposition into capillary basement membranes --> thickened basement membranes
64
What is the pathogenesis of cataracts?
Excessive glucose is taken up by epithelium of the lens (no insulin required) --> metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase --> sorbitol osmotically draws water into the lens --> cataract formation

RUSVM Pathology II 2016 (11 decks)

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