Respiratory System Flashcards by Kimberlee Ward

Conducting System

the Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

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What cells line the conducting system?

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

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Transitional system

Consists exclusively of bronchioles

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What cells line the transitional system?

Clara cells, non-ciliated secretory cells and only a few ciliated cells. NO goblet cells

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Exchange system

Composed of alveolar ducts and milions of alveoli; thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries, the pulmonary capillaries

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What is the exchange system lined by?

Epithelial type I (membranous) and type II (granular) pneumocytes

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What are some non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?

Mucous trapping
Mucocilliary clearance
Phagocytosis
Air turbulence

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What are some specific defense mechanisms?

Antibody production
Antibody mediated phagocytosis
cell-mediated immunity

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PAMs

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages

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PIMs

Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

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What other causes predispose to bacterial pneumonia?

Stress
Dehydration
Pulmonary edema
Uremia
Ammonia
Immunosuppression/immunodeficiency

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Ehtmoidal hematoma

Pedunculated tumor like lesion in older horses that cause of epistaxis in old horses

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What is the cause of fibrinous rhinitis?

Infectious Bovine Rhintraceitis

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What causes Atrophic Rhinitis in pigs?

Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D and A

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What does P. multocida produce to inhibit osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal turbinates?

cytotoxins

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What caused rhinitis and conjunctivitis in felines?

Feline Herpesvirus 1

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What causes vesicular/ulcerative glossitis and pneumonia in felines?

Feline calicivirus

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What causes Granulomatous rhinitis in dogs?

Rhinosporidium seeberi (aquatic protistam parasite)

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What causes strangles in equines?

Streptococcus equi

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What can be seen in strangles?

Inspissated Exudate - “Chondroids”

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What causes Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

Aspergillus fumigatus

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What happens in Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

Erosion of the wall of the internal carotid artery leading to epistaxis or fatal hemorrhage

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What causes Enzootic nasal carcinoma in sheep?

Ovine beta-retrovirus

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What causes necrotic laryngitis (Calf Diptheria)?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

IBR

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What does Fusobacterium necrophorum or IBR cause?

Oral necrobacillosis | Plaques of ulceration covered by fibrinonecrotic exudate

What is causes "roaring" or Laryngeal hemiplagia in horses?

atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

What is tracheal collapse seen in?

Toy breed dogs Horses Cattle Goats

What causes Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis in cattle?

IBR

What causes Canine Infectious tracheobronchitis?

``` Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine Adenovirus 2 CPIV-2 Canine Distemper virus Mycoplasma spp. ```

What composed the Blood-Air-Barrier?

Vascular endothelium basement membrane of the endothelial cell, basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte, and cytoplasm of the type I pneumocyte

What occurs in Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage?

Massive Hemorrhage in the dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes

What is common in cattle with vena cava thrombosis?

Epistaxis | Pulmonary hemorrhage

What are the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

Increased hydrostatic pressure Increased vascular permeability Obstruction to lymphatic drainage

Atelectasis

Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs

Emphysema

Permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls

Bullous emphysema

Large focal air-filled spaces (bullae) --> rupture may lead to fatal pneumothorax

What are the common patterns of pneumonia?

``` Suppurative bronchopneumonia Fibrinous bronchopneumonia Interstitial pneumonia Embolic pneumonia Granulomatous pneumonia ```

What causes transient rhino-tracheitis and broncho-interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages?

Para-influenza 3 virus | Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus

What occurs in both Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus and PI-3 virus?

Formation of syncytial cells

What causes Bovine enzootic pneumonia (chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia)?

``` Mycoplasmas Chlamydophila Pasteurella multocida Trueperella pyogenes Histophilus somni Mannheimia haemolytica E. coli ```

What results in suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

Histophilus somni

What is the important cause of chronic respiratory disease in feedlot cattle?

Mycoplasma bovis

What is characteristic of Mycoplasma bovis?

Chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia | Chronic fibrinous arthritis

What causes bovine tuberculosis?

M. bovis

Where are lesions common with M. Bovis?

retropharyngeal lymph nodes lungs thoracic mesenteric lymph nodes

What causes Verminous bronchitis/ pneumonia?

Dictyocaulus viviparus

What does the larval migration of Dictyocaulus viviparus cause?

Interstitial pneumonia

What do the intrabronchial adult parasites of Dictyocaulus viviparus cause?

Chronic bronchitis

What do the eggs and dead larvae of Dictyocaulus vivparus cause?

Granulomatous pneumonia

What parasite infects the bronchioles of sheep and goats?

Dictyocaulus filaria

What parasites infect the bronchioles of equids?

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

What parasite infects the bronchioles of pigs?

Metastrongylus spp.

What is the morphologic diagnosis for Metastrongylus spp in pigs?

Catarrhal bronchitis

What is the etiologic diagnosis of Metastrongylus spp in pigs?

Verminous bronchitis

What is fog fever?

Cattle grazing in "fog" pastures high in L-tryptophan that metabolizes in the rumen into 3-methylindole which is absorbed into the blood and into the lungs causing extensive necrosis of bronchiolar epithelial cells and type I pneumocytes

What is commonly seen in adult dairy cows in the winter and the counterpart is "farmer's lungs"?

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

What is the pathologic process of Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?

Type III hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled organic antigens such as fungal spores in moldy hay

What are the lesions characteristic for Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis?

subtle gray subpleural foci of granulomatous inflammation to severe "meaty" appearance of the lungs

What is the common name for Maedi-visna in sheep?

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

What does Maedi-visna result in?

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

What virus in goats can cause lymphocytic interstital pneumonia?

Caprine Arthritic encephalitis

What causes Chronic enzootic pneumonia?

Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida Chlamydiaphila Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

What causes Septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs under 3 months?

Mannheimia haemolytica

What causes Septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs 5-12 months?

Bibersteinia trehalosi

What are the lesions associated with Septicemic pasteurellosis?

Necrotizing pharyngitis tonsilitis Septicemia with disseminated intravascular thrombosis bacteremia

What causes Multifocal subpleural pneumonitis in sheep?

Muellerius capillaris

What are the viruses in equine that cause viral pneumonia?

Equine Herpes Virus 1 Equine Herpes Virus 4 Equine Influenza

What do foals with SCID commonly suffer from?

Adenovirus Pneumocystis carinii Rhodococcus equi

What is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in foals?

Rhodococcus equi

What are the four viruses that cause pneumonia in pigs?

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) Swine Influenza Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)

What is the main pathogen involved with Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia?

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

What is characteristic of Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia?

Suppurative or catarrhal bronchopneumonia

What causes fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia in pigs?

Glasser's Disease (Haemophilus parasuis)

What causes Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia?

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

What causes infectious pneumonia in dogs?

Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kennel cough) and canine distemper Canine Adenovirus 2 Canine Herpes virus 1 Canine Influenza

What causes non-infectious pneumonia in dogs?

Uremia and paraquat (herbicide) toxicity

What causes Broncho-interstitial pneumonia in dogs?

Canine distemper

What causes granulomatous pneumonia in dogs?

Blastomyces dermatitidis | Histoplasmosis

What parasite causes pneumonia in cats?

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

What causes ovine pulmonary carcinoma?

Ovine Retrovirus