Liver Pathology

Question 1

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 1

Bilirubin metabolism
Bile acid metabolism 
Carbohydrate metabolism 
Lipid metabolism
Xenobiotic metabolism 
Protein synthesis 
Immune function

Question 2

What liver enzymes are elevated in response to injury?

Answer 2

AST
ALT
LDH
Alkaline phosphatase 
hamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

Question 3

What are the response of liver to injury?

Answer 3

Atrophy
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Regeneration of parenchyma 
Replacement by fibrosis 
Biliary hyperplasia

Question 4

What are the causes for liver atrophy?

Answer 4

Increased catabolism
Decreased blood flow
Decreased bile flow
Pressure

Question 5

What are the requisites for liver regeneration?

Answer 5

Intact framework
Good blood supply
Patent bile ducts

Question 6

Cirrhosis

Answer 6

regeneration can result in heptocellular nodular proliferation, fibrosis, and impaired blood and bile flow

Question 7

Zonal Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis

Answer 7

defined area within hepatic lobule or acini are affected

Question 8

Massive hepatic necrosis

Answer 8

involved the entire lobule or contiguous lobules

Question 9

Hepatosis dietetica

Answer 9

generation of associated free radicals and deficiency of Vitamine E/Selenium

Question 10

What does hepatosis dietetica cause?

Answer 10

Massive hepatic necrosis

Question 11

Chronic passive congestion

Answer 11

zonal congestion around the central veins

Question 12

What is Nutmeg Liver?

Answer 12

Chronic passive congestion of the liver

Question 13

What is the name of the syndrome that is characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, and abdominal pain

Answer 13

Hepatic vein thrombosis

Question 14

What are the clinical signs of Portosystemic shunts?

Answer 14

Hepatic encephalopathy and ascites

Question 15

Acquired shunts

Answer 15

due to chronic portal hypertension

Question 16

Telangiectasis

Answer 16

presence of focal areas in which sinusoids are dilated and filled with blood

Question 17

What are the mechanisms for hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 17

Excessive entry of fatty acids into the liver
Decreased oxdation of fatty acids
Increased esterification of fatty acids to triglycerides
Decreased apoprotien synthesis and subsequent decreased production and export of lipoprotein from hepatocytes
Impaired secretion of lipoprotein from the liver

Question 18

What is the characteristic lesion for hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 18

Enlarged heavy uniform light yellow or orange liver that cuts with ease and is greasy when severed
The edges are rounded and the surface is smooth and the tissue will float in water or fixative

Question 19

In which lifestages are a physiological fatty liver seen?

Answer 19

Late pregnancy
Heavy lactation
Simple dietary excess

Question 20

In what kinds of animals are Bovine fatty liver syndrome seen?

Answer 20

Dairy cattle who are obese within a few days of parturition

Question 21

What breed is affected with Equine hyperlipidemia?

Answer 21

Shetland Ponies

Question 22

What two endocrine disorders lead to fatty liver?

Answer 22

Diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism

Question 23

Fatty degeneration

Answer 23

Accumulation of fat within cells arising as a consequences of cellular injury

Question 24

What is the stain used to detect amyloid?

Answer 24

Congo Red

Question 25

What are the routes that agents can cause hepatitis?

Answer 25

Hematogenous Ascending route | Direct extension from the peritoneum

Question 26

Cholangiohepatitis

Answer 26

inflammation of bile ductules and liver parenchyma

Question 27

What are the characteristic lesions in Herpes Virus hepatic necrosis?

Answer 27

Discrete off white foci

Question 28

What is the common name of infectious canine hepatitis?

Answer 28

Rubarth's Disease | Fox encephalitis

Question 29

What canine disease causes infectious canine hepatitis?

Answer 29

Canine Adenovirus 1

Question 30

What are the gross features of Infectious Canine Hepatitis?

Answer 30

Enlarged, congested, friable liver, serosal petechia and ecchymosis and paint brush hemorrhage, gall bladder edema, Corneal edema in survivors

Question 31

What is Tyzzers disease caused by?

Answer 31

Clostridium piliforme

Question 32

What causes Milk Spots in the liver?

Answer 32

Ascaris Suum

Question 33

What causes Chronic Fibrosing cholangitis?

Answer 33

Fasciola hepatica

Question 34

What is the common name for Histomoniasis?

Answer 34

Black Head

Question 35

What is the main preformed toxin from Blue-green algae?

Answer 35

Microcystin

Question 36

Megalocytosis

Answer 36

Giant hypertrophic hepatocytes

Question 37

What causes Chronic liver disease and photodynamic dermatitis in horses?

Answer 37

Alsike clover

Question 38

Aflatoxins

Answer 38

Ingested in mouldy feed

Question 39

Sporidesmin

Answer 39

Toxin from fungus Pithomyces chartarum

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of Sporidesmin?

Answer 40

Chronic cholangiohepatitis and Photosensitization

Question 41

What causes primary Photosensitization?

Answer 41

St. John's Wart Chloropromazine Phenothiazine

Question 42

What causes secondary Photosensitization ?

Answer 42

Occurs in herbivores with impaired excretion of phylloerythrin Congenital

Question 43

Congenital Pathogenesis of Photosensitization?

Answer 43

Abnormal metabolism of heme --> Retention of porphyrins

Question 44

Hepatocutaneous syndrome

Answer 44

Crusting erosions and scaling especially at mucocutaneous junctions and footpads

Question 45

Nodular hyperplasia

Answer 45

Age related changed in dogs

Question 46

Where do primary liver tumors arise from?

Answer 46

Hepatocytes Bile ducts Mesenchymal tissue

Question 47

Most tumors in the liver are...

Answer 47

Metastatic from other organs

Question 48

What species are Hepatocellular Carcinoma seen in?

Answer 48

Dogs

Question 49

Cholangiocellular adenoma

Answer 49

Benign tumor arising from the bile ducts

Question 50

Cholangiocellular carcinoma

Answer 50

Relatively common in all species | Multilobulated firm, raised with central areas of depression