Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What gene promotes ovarian differentiation and development?
A
DAX 1 gene
2
Q
What gene codes for testicular differentiation?
A
SRY gene
3
Q
What does MIS stand for?
A
Mullerian inhibitory substance
4
Q
What does AMH stand for?
A
Antimullerian hormone
5
Q
What does Intersex mean?
A
a general, nonspecific term meaning that ambiguous genitalia are present, but doe not indicate the nature or etiology of the abnormality
6
Q
What are the three ways sexual development disorders are categorized?
A
Abnormalities of chromosomal sex
Abnormalities of gonadal sex
Abnormalities of phenotypic sex
7
Q
What syndrome results from the chromosomal abnormality XXY?
A
Klinefelters Syndrome
8
Q
What syndrome results from the chromosomal abnormality XO?
A
Turner’s Syndrome
9
Q
Animals with trisomy and monosomy have…
A
underdeveloped genitalia and are sterile
10
Q
Give an example of chromosomal sex disorders in cats
A
male tortoiseshell or calico cats with testicular hypoplasia and are almost infertile
11
Q
Chimera
A
individuals composed of two or more cell populations each arising from different individuals
12
Q
Mosaics
A
individuals composed of two or more cell populations, but the cells originate within the same individual
13
Q
What is an example of Chimeras?
A
Freemartin calves
14
Q
Freemartin
A
Genetic female born co-twin with a male
15
Q
What is the pathogenesis of a Freemartin?
A
vascular anastomoses between placentas allowing male hormones (including Mullerian inhibitory substance) and cells to cross and suppress development of female genital system
16
Q
What are the characteristics of a Freemartin
A
small ovaries, blind ended uterus, poorly developed vagina, enlarged clitoris and seminal vesicles
17
Q
Is the male twin of the Freemartin affected?
A
NO
18
Q
What is a true hermaphrodite?
A
Ovary and testis present in the same individual
19
Q
What are the three types of True hermaphrodites?
A
Lateral
Bilateral
Unilateral
20
Q
What is a lateral hermaphrodite?
A
testis on one side and ovary on the other
21
Q
What is a bilateral hermaphrodite?
A
Ovotestes on both sides
22
Q
What is a unilateral hermaphrodite?
A
ovotestis on one side, ovary or testis on the other side
23
Q
What species are true hermaphrodites seen in?
A
Dogs, goats and pigs
24
Q
What is sex reversal?
A
an animals in which gonadal sex does not follow chromosomal sex
Gonad is not the type corresponding to the XX or XY makeup of the individual
25
What animals can display Sex reversal?
American Cocker Spaniel
| Polled goats
26
What is pseudohermaphroditism?
When chromosomal and gonadal sex agree, but the internal or external genitalia are ambiguous
27
What can cause female pseudohermaphroditism?
iatrogenic administration of androgens or progestagens during gestation
28
What causes male pseudohermaphroditism?
Due to failure of Mullerian duct regression
29
What breed is male pseudohermaphroditism seen in?
Miniature Schnauzers
30
What is segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts?
Failure of short or long segments of the uterine horn to develop
31
What is uterus unicornis?
Complete absence of an entire horn
32
What is the other name for Segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts seen in White shorthorn cattle?
White heifer disease
33
What is white heifer disease associated with?
recessive gene for white coat color
34
What is an imperfect fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?
Double vagina, double cervix, and uterus didelphys
35
Imperforate hymen
Persistence of tissue band running across the vagina just cranial to the opening of the urethra
36
Ovarian hypoplasia
small ovaries without follicles
37
What breed is ovarian hypoplasia seen in?
Swedish Highland Cattle
38
What are paraovarian cysts called in horses?
Hydatids of Morgagni
39
Where can hydatids of morgagni be located
On or around the ovary
On the fimbriae
On the mesonephric duct
40
What is the most common type of cystic change?
Cystic Graafian follicle
41
What causes Cystic Graafian follicles?
insufficient release of luteinizing hormone
42
What can cystic epithelial structures of the bitch lead to?
Neoplastic transformation - Adenomas or adenocarcinomas
43
Oophoritis
Inflammation of the ovary
44
What causes oophoritis in poultry?
Salmonella pullorum
45
What causes oophoritis in cattle?
IBR
| BVD
46
Dysgerminoma
tumors of primordial germ cells of the embryonic gonad (female counterpart of testicular seminoma)
47
Teratoma
Umcommon neoplasm composed of abnormal tissue derived from at least two of the three germ cell layers
48
Are Dysgerminomas benign or malignant?
malignant
49
What is the most common ovarian tumor in cows and mares?
Granulosa cell tumor (Granulosa-theca cells tumors)
50
What is diagnostic for gonadostromal tumors?
Call-Exner bodies (rosettes of granulosa cells surrounding pink proteinaceous fluid)
51
Hydrosalpinx
the uterine tube is distended and filled with clear watery mucus
Usually secondary to obstruction
52
Salpingitis
Secondary to endometritis
| may lead to pyosalpinx and interfere with fertility
53
What is salpingitis associated with?
Mycoplasma
| Ureaplasma
54
Pyosalpinx
Accumulation of pus in the tube following obstruction of the lumen
55
Cystic Gartner's ducts
vestigial remnants of Wolffian ducts
56
Cystic Bartholin's gland
vestibular gland
57
Vulval tumefaction
Physiological response to estrogens
| Also due to persistent hyperestrogenism
58
What is vulval tumefaction associated with in sows?
estrogenic effect of zearalenone in moldy grains
59
What can vulval tumefaction lead to?
Vaginal prolapse
60
Granular vaginitis
nodular appearance of the vaginal mucosa associated to lymphoid follicle proliferation in cattle
61
What is granular vaginitis associated with?
Mycoplasma or Ureaplasma infection
62
What causes Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (PIV) of cattle
Bovine Herpes Virus 1
63
How is Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) transmitted?
Venereally
64
Transmissible venereal tumor
contagious neoplasm
| Solitary or multiple, papillary to pedunculated or multi-lobulated masses often ulceratd, inflamed and friable
65
What are the causes of uterine prolapse?
```
Uterime hypotony
Prolonged dystocia
Retained placenta
Hypocalcemia
Hyperestrogenism
```
66
Uterine Hypotony
Loss of any muscle tone usually through a calcium or Magnesium deficiency
67
Endometrial hyperplasia
cystic distention of endometrial glands
| endometrial secretions accumulate
68
Adenomyosis
Presence of endometrial glands and stoma between the muscle bundles of the myometrium
69
Endometriosis
Actively growing endometrial tissues are explanted to aberrant sites within and outside the uterus
70
Hydrometra or
| Mucometra
Accumulation of thin or viscid fluid in the uterus
71
Endometritis
inflammation of endometrium only
72
metritis
inflammation of all layers of uterine wall
73
Perimetritis
inflammation extending to tissues surrounding uterus
74
pyometria
accumulations of pus in the lumen of the uterus
75
Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
veneeal disease of mares
76
What causes CEM in mares?
Taylorella equigenitalis
77
Pyometra
Acute or chronic suppurative inflammation characterized by accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen
78
What species are Uterine adenocarcinomas common in?
Rabbits
79
What neoplasm is most common in cattle?
Lymphosarcoma
80
What are the types of mastitis?
Contagious
Environmental
Other
81
What causes contagious mastitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp.
82
What causes Environmental mastitis?
Coliforms (E. coli)
| Environmental streptococci
83
What causes other types of mastitis?
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
84
What are the clinical signs for Staphylococcus aureus?
Gangrene of the teats, necrosis, abscess of the mammary gland
85
What bacteria causes Mastitis in ewes and goats?
Staphylococcus aureus or Manheimia haemolytica
86
What viruses cause mastitis in ewes and goats?
Ovine progressive pneumonia
| Caprine Arthritic encephalitis
87
What species are mammary tumors commonly seen in?
Bitches and Queens
88
What species are mammary fibroadenomas common in?
Rats
89
What is the most common neoplasia in the canine?
Canine mammary tumor
90
Are tumors in dogs benign or malignant?
Benign
91
Are tumors in cats benign or malignant?
Malignant
92
What kind of placenta do horses have?
Diffusely distributed chorionic villi with Epitheliochoreal
93
What kind of placenta do cows have?
Localized to cotyledons chorionic villi with Epitheliochoreal
94
What kind of placenta do carnivores?
Localized to a belt chorionic villi with
| Endotheliochoreal
95
Chorion
layer that contacts the mother
| in most species fused with the allantois
96
Allantois
Contains fetal urine and other fluids arising from the membrane itself
97
Amnion
smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus and holds amniotic fluid
the fetal side can usually be identified by presence of amniotic plaques
98
Fetal death later in development will lead to
Abortion
Stillbirth
Mummification
Maceration
99
Abortion
the expulsion of a fetus prior to the time of expected viability
100
Stillbirth
the death of the fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where it is independently viable
101
Mummification
fetus is retained indefinitely and becomes dehydrated
102
Maceration
The dead fetus is retained and infected by bacteria
| May be associated with dystocia and incomplete abortion
103
When is placental insufficiency seen?
```
Twinning
Endometrial fibrosis
Premature placental separation
Uterine body pregnancy
Torsion of the umbilical cord
```
104
Adventitial placentation
Development of intercotylendonary placentation in cattle as a mechanism of compensation for inadequate development of placentomes
105
Hydroamnios
Usually associated with malformation of the fetus
106
Hydroallantois
Associated with uterine disease with inadequate numbers of caruncles and the development of adventitial placentation in cattle
107
Hippomanes
proteinaceous soft calculi, aggregated mineral and organic allantoic concrements
108
What incidental findings are found in the mare?
Yolk sac remnants and allantoic pouches
109
What are the characteristic lesions of Brucella abortis?
Necrotising placentitis
110
What are the characteristic lesions of Listeriosis?
tiny pinpoint yellow foci of necrosis in the liver, lung, myocardium, kidney, adrenal, spleen, and brain
111
What are the characteristic lesions of Ureaplasma diversum?
patchy thickening with fibrosis and multifocal areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, and fibrin exudation.
112
What are the characteristic lesions of Mycotic abortion in cattle?
Dermatitis in the aborted fetus
113
What are the characteristic lesions of Campylobacter spp.?
Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
| Intercotyledonary placentitis
114
What are the characteristic lesions of Chlamydophia abortus?
Placental lesions acute suppurative to chronic placentitis
115
What are the characteristic lesions of Toxoplasma gondii?
Cotyledons are bright to dark red and have numerous small soft white nodules - "frosted strawberry-like lesions"
116
What is the common name for Border Disease?
Hairy Shaker disease
117
What are the characteristic lesions for Coxiella burnetii?
Thickened and leathery with multifocal mineralization, exudate is copious, off-white in the intercotyledonary region
118
What are longer cords associated with?
Foal strangulation and necrosis off the cervical pole of the placenta
119
Mare Reproductive loss syndrome
abortion syndrome due to the setae hairs of the eastern tent caterpillar embedded in the submucosa of the alimentary tract of the mare creating microgranulomatous lesions --> bacteria from the alimentary tract invades the circulatory system --> infections are established in tissues where the immune surveillance is reduced
120
What lesions are characteristic for Equine herpesvirus?
Fibrin cast in the trachea
Interstitial pneumoia
Focal necrosis in the liver
Prominent lymphoid follicles in the spleen
121
SMEDI
Stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility complex
122
What causes SMEDI?
Porcine parvovirus
123
What are two fetal anomalies?
Bovine amorphus globosus
| Cyclopic calf
124
Fertile
Produce healthy sperm to fertilize an egg
125
Potency
ability to engage in copulation
126
Cryptorchidism
Failure of one or both testis to descend to scrotum
127
Sperm Granuloma
Foreign body inflammation reaction to sperm which have escaped tubular structures
128
What does testicular neoplasia cause?
Testicular enlargement
| hormonal induced abnormalities
129
What are 5 types of testicular neoplasia
Interstitial cell tumors
Seminomas
Sertoli cell tumors
Teratomas
130
What species is interstitial cell tumors common in?
Dogs
131
What is an interstitial cell tumor derived from?
endocrine cells of the interstitium
132
Do you see testicular enlargement with interstitial cell tumors?
No
133
Are interstitial cell tumors bilateral or unilateral?
Bilateral
134
Describe Interstitial cell tumors
Round well demarcated masses
Pale yellow brown
Usually less than 1 cm
135
Seminoma
Tumor of spermatogonia
136
Do you see enlargement of the testis with a seminoma?
yes
137
What is a predisposing factor for a seminoma?
Cryptorchidism
138
Describe a seminoma
Bulging
Pale (tan, yellow, white)
Soft
No endocrine effect
139
What is the least common testicular neoplasia?
Sertolic cell tumor
140
Does a sertoli cell tumor enlarge the testicle?
yes
141
What is a predisposing factor for a sertoli cell tumor?
Cryptorchidism
142
Describe a sertoli cell tumor
Well demarcated
Firm
White (red/brown)
may contain cysts
143
What does a sertoli cell tumor produce?
Estrogen
144
What are the characteristics we see with a sertoli cell tumor?
```
Atrophy of non-neoplastic testicular tissue
Mammary gland and teat enlargement
Reduce libido
Swelling of prepuce
Attractive to other male dogs
```
145
What are clinical signs of a sertoli cell tumor?
Symmetrical alopecia
Prostatic hyperplasia and metaplasia
Bone marrow suppression
146
What neoplasia is usually in young horses?
Teratoma
147
What germ layer/s is a teratoma composed of?
Multiple germ layers: Connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, nervous, glandular, hair, & dental
148
Spermatocoele
Dilation with sperm accumulation
149
Hydrocoele
Serous fluid accumulation
150
Hematocoele
Blood accumulation
151
What are the diseases of the scrotum?
Dermatitis
Scirrhous cord
Varicocele
Neoplasia
152
Varicoele
Dilation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and the cremasteric veins
153
What are the two neoplasia of the scrotum?
Mast cell tumor
| Haemangioma
154
What is prostatic metaplasia caused by?
Estrogen:
Sertoli cell tumor
Estrogen administration
155
Where does Prostatic Neoplasia metastasize to?
Sublumbar lymph node
156
Penile Hypoplasia
Early castration or intersex conditions
157
Persistent Frenulum
Connection between ventral penis and prepuce
158
What does persistent frenulum cause?
penile deviation
159
Hypospadia
Failure to close urogenital groove
160
Diphalia
Duplication of penis
161
Phimosis
narrowing of preputial orifice preventing protrusion of penis
162
Paraphimosis
narrowing of preputial orifice preventing retraction of already protruding penis
163
Posthitis
Inflammation of prepuce
164
Balanitis
Inflammation of glans penis
