Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary system plays a role in blood pressure regulation. ______ cells synthesize renin, which initiates converstion of ______ to ______
A
juxtaglomerular
angiotensin
angiotensin 1
2
Q
Urinary system also has an endocrine function. Peritubuluar capillary endothelial cells and interstitial cells of the cortex and medulla synthesize _____
A
erythropoietin
3
Q
Kidneys have a thin connective tissue capsule with 2 layers: an inner layer of _____ and an outer layer of ______ ____ ___
A
myofibroblasts
dense irregular CT
4
Q
Kidneys are divided into an outer ____ that receives 90% of the blood supply and an inner _____
A
cortex
medulla
5
Q
the functional unit of the kidney is the _____ or _____ + collecting tubule called the _____ tubule
A
nephron, nephron
uriniferous
6
Q
The _____ of the kidney is the concave region of the kidney where the renal pelvis is located that continues arteries, veins, lymph, and nerves
A
hilum
7
Q
The ____ is a cone shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter. It is continuous with ____ renal calyces, which branch into ____ calyces, which end at the _____ of the medullary pyramids
A
pelvis
major
minor
papilla
8
Q
The cortex is the superficial kidney layer consisting of primarily renal ____ and ____ tubulues
A
corpuscles
convoluted
9
Q
There are no renal corpuscles in the _____
A
medulla
10
Q
Renal _____ are extensions of cortical tissue that run between adjacent renal pyramids
A
columns
11
Q
____ ____ are groups of straight tubules that extend from the base of each renal pyramid into the cortex
A
medullary rays
12
Q
There are no _____ in the renal medulla
A
glomeruli
13
Q
Renal pyramids form the bulk of the renal medulla and consist primarily of the ______ and _______
A
thin limbs of henle
collecting tubules
14
Q
The renal ___ is located at the apex of each renal pyramid. The tip of it is ____ and projects into the minor calyx lumen
A
papilla
perforated
15
Q
Renal _____ is the connective tissue of the kidney and is sparse
A
interstitium
16
Q
The interstitiam is mostly fibroblasts and _____ cells. Fibroblasts near peritubular capillaries produce ____
A
mononuclear
erythropoietin
17
Q
In the medulla there are ____ along blood vessels supplying the loops of henle and ____ cells
A
pericytes
interstitial
18
Q
Interstitial cells are found between loops of henle and _____ ducts and vasa recta. They are elongated nuclei with ____ droplets and may synthesize _____ 1 which is converted to _____ 2 in the liver and is a vasodilator
A
collecting
lipid
medullipin
medullipin
19
Q
The renal lobule is an area of cortex surrounded on either side by an _____ ____. This area has many ____, and all drain into the same collecting duct
A
interlobular artery
nephrons
20
Q
The two types of nephrons are _____ and _____
A
cortical
juxtomedullary
21
Q
4 things nephrons consist of :
A
renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
22
Q
Cortical nephrons are in the outer part of the cortex. They have ____ loops of henle and many ____ ____
A
short
peritubular capillaries
23
Q
Juxtamedullary nephrons have ____ loops of henle that run in association with ____ ____ far down in the medulla. These are responsible for establishing the interstitial concentration gradient in the ____
A
long
vasa recta
medulla
24
Q
What is the pathway from glomerulus to collecting duct?
A
glomerulus–>proximal convoluted tubule–thin limb-loop of henle—distal convoluted tubule–collecting duct
25
the medulla is divided into an inner and outer zone. The outer zone is divided into inner and outer stripe. The ____ stripe has no thin limbs and only thick limbs. The ____ stripe has thin limbs and thick limbs
outer
| inner
26
The inner medulla consists of ___, and ___, but no ____
collecting ducts and thin limbs,
| no thick limbs
27
___ nephrons do not protrude into the inner medulla while ____ nephrons do.
corticol
| juxtamedullary
28
The renal artery enters the kidney at the ____ and leads into ____ arteries
hilum
| interlobar
29
Interlobar arteries run between renal ________ and divide into ____ arteries that travel along the corticomedullary junction and feed into ____ arteries
pyramids
arcuate
interlobular
30
Interlobular arteries enter cortical tissue and travel between adjacent ____ ____. These then lead into ____ (glomerular) arterioles, enter the glomerulus, and leave as _____ arteriorles
medullary rays
afferent
efferent
31
The blood circulation of the kidney is as follows: _____-->_____-->_____--->_____--->______
```
afferent arteriole
capillaries of glomerulus
efferrent arteriole
capillary network
venule
```
32
Efferent arterioles associated with cortical nephrons leave the golmerulus and give rise to extensive _____ ____ networks high in the cortex and ____ ___ near the corticomedullary junction
peritubular capillary
| vasa recta
33
There are/are not anastamoses between interlobar arteries
are not-
| the can cause focal necrosis
34
____ ___ arise from efferent arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons. These are long, thin vessels that follow a straight path into the ____ and renal ____ where they form capillaries and loop back, increasing in diameter toward the ____ boundary
vasa recta
medulla, papilla
corticomedullary
35
Vasa recta are closely associated with ____ ____ and supply nutrients and oxygen
henle's loops
36
Capillaries play a critical role in ____ exchange with the interstitum
countercurrent
37
____ veins are formed by a convergence of superficial cortical veins which drain the outermost cortex layers
stellate
38
___ cortical veins drain the deeper regions of the cortex
deep
39
____ veins receive both stellate and deep cortical veins. These join ___ veins which empty into ___ veins. These converge to form a branch of the renal vein, which exits at the kidney ____
interlobular
arcruate
interlobar
hilum
40
The renal corpuscle consists of the ____ and ____
glomerulus, bowman's capsule
41
The bowman's capsule has a ____ layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the outer wall. There is also a ____ layer of modified simple squamous epithelium composed of _____ that covers the glomuerula capillaires
parietal
visceral
podocytes
42
____ space is the area between the visceral and parietal layers
bowman's
43
the _____ pole is the area of bowman's capsule where the afferent and efferent glomerular arteriole enters and leaves the glomerulus
vascular
44
the ____ pole is the area of bowman's capsule where the urinary space becomes continous with the proximal convoluted lumen
urinary
45
The filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle is ____-____-____
fenestrated epithelium-basement membrane-podocytes
46
The ___ ____ is a capillary tuft that extends into bowman's capsule
renal glomerulus
47
Capillaries of the renal glomerulus are lined by ____ _____
fenestrated endotheliunm
48
The endothelium of the renal glomerulus sits on a thick basal lamina that is shared with _____
podocytes
49
The interstitial tissue located between glomeruluar capillaries is composed of ____ cells and an amporphous extracellullar _____
mesangial
| matrix
50
mesangial cell functions: 1. ____ support for capillarires 2. _______ turnover of glomeruluar basement membrane material (ie large protein molecules, debris) 3. _____-regulate blood flow by decreasing the filtration surface area.
mechanical
phagocytic
contractile
51
Mesangial cell functions cont... 4: source of _____ and ____ that cause constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles. 5. respond to ____ and _______
prostoglandins endothelins
| angiotensin 2, atrial natriuretic peptide
52
Mesangial cells can proliferate and synthesize _____ material and _____
matrix
| collagen
53
Immunoglobulins and complement molecules can enter mesangial matrix and induce ____ production by mesangial cells
cytokine
54
Proximal convuluted tubules can be identified histologically by a _____ brush border
disrupted
55
Podocytes are modified epithelial cells that have primary processes that give rise to secondary processes called ____ that from the visceral layer of bowman's capsules.
pedicels
56
Pedicels are secondary podocytes that wrap around ____ capillaries and interdigitate with other pedicels. They have a transmembrane sialoglycoportein that extends into the glycocalyx coating called ____, which contributes to the ___ charge in the glomerular epithelium
glomeruluar
podcalyxin
negative
57
_____ ____ are spaces between adjacent pedicels with filamentous diaphragms that bridge each space
filtration slits
58
The renal filtration barrier is glomerular capillary ____ ____, basal lamina, and filtration slits with ____ between pedicels
fenestrated endothelium
| diaphragms
59
The filtration slit consists of the protein _____ anchored to actin filiaments in the pedicles by protien CD2AP. The basement membrane is ____ charged due to ____ content and repels ____ charged proteins
nephrin
negatively, glycosaminoglycans
negatively
60
The renal filtration barrier allows H2O, ions, and small molecules to pass from the blood into the urinary space but prevents passage of ____ or ____ _____ proteins
large, negatively charged
61
The ____ ____ ____ drains bowman's space at the urinary pole
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
62
The Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is lined by a simple ____ epithelium with a _____ brush border, ____ vesicles, and abundant ____ that have acid phosphatase activity
cuboidal
microvilli
pinocytotic
lysosomes
63
PCT has abdundant lysosomes for uptake and breakdown of ____ to _____
peptides, amino acids
64
The PCT functiosn to reabsorb all of the ____, amino acids, and small proteins, and most of the ____ and ____ from the filtrate
glucose
| water, NaCl
65
transport of ___ and ____ establishes the osmotic gradient for H2O absorption
NaCl, glucose
66
The ____ secretes organic acids such as creatine, bases, and certain foreign substances while exchanging H+ ions into the interstitium for ____ ions in the filtrate
PCT
| bicarbonate
67
There is no osmolarity change in the ultrafiltrate of the _____
PCT
68
___are the most abundant tubules by volume
PCT
69
After the PCT, we have the ____ ____ limb of henle's loop
descending thick
70
the descending thick limb is lined by a simple ____ epithelium, has fewer ____, smaller mitochondria and a prominent ___ _____
cuboidal
lysosomes
brush border
71
___ is absorbed, while ____ is not in the descending thick limb
H2O, NaCl
72
The _____ ____ of henle's loop is composed of the descending segment, a loop, and an ascending segment in _____ nephrons. Cortical nephrons may only have the ____ portion
thin limb
juxtamedullary
descending
73
The thin limb of henle's loop is lined by simple ____ epithelial cells, with cell nuclei bulging into the ____
SQUAMOUS (unlike PCT and thick limb)
| lumen
74
The descending thin limb is _____ to H2O while the ascending thin limb is _____ to H2O
permeable
| impermeable
75
The sodium-potassium ATPase pump of the ascending thin limb of henle functions to reabsorb ____. Some ____ such as furosamide inhibit reabsorption of this and increase excretion of it and H2O
NaCl
| diuretics
76
The ascending thick limb of Henle's loop is lined by ____ epithelial cells with a ____ located nucleus. The mitochondria are compartmentalized within basal plasma membrane ____
cuboidal
apically
infoldings
77
The ascending thick limb returns to the ____ ___ of origin. In this area it lies in close contact with the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles and becomes modified to form the _____ _____, which is part of the juxtaglomeruluar apparatus
renal corpuscle
| macula densa
78
The ____ ____ is 3-5 cuboidal nuclei lined up next to the vascular pole
macula densa
79
The distal convoluted tubule is continuous with the ____ ____ and is similar histologically to the ____ ____ limb of henle's loop
macula densa
| ascending thick
80
Cells of the DCT have a shorter and wider ____ than the PCT, and lack a ___ ____
lumen
| brush border
81
The DCT reabsorbs ___ ions from the filtrate and actively transports them into the renal interstitium. This process is stimulated by ____
Na
| aldosterone
82
The DCT excretes ___, ____, and ___ ions into the filtrate from the interstitium
K, H, ammonium
83
The PCT nuclei are located ____ in the cell while the DCT nuclei are located ____
basally
| apically
84
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located at the ____ pole of the renal corpuscle
vascular
85
The JG apparatus contains juxtagolmerular cells which are mainly in the wall of the ____ arteriole. They are modified ____ ____ cells that sense blood pressure decreases and synthesize ___ that is stored in secretory granules
afferent
smooth muscle
renin
86
___ ____ cells are located in the JG apparatus and are tall, narrow, epithelial distal tube cells with elongated and closely packed ____.
macula densa
| nuceli
87
Macula densa cells are sensitive to changes in ____ concentration, telling the JG cells to secrete renin via ____ _____
NaCl
| gap junctions
88
JG cells are also innervated by ____ nerve fibers. ____ and ____ secreted by these fibers stimulates renin secretion
sympathetic (adrenergic)
| dopamine, Norepinephrine
89
Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also called pole cushion or ___ cells) are found between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. They are connected to each other and JG cells by ____ ____
lacis
| gap junctions
90
The function of the ____ ____ is to maintain blood pressure by stimulating JG cells to release ____
juxtoglomerular apparatus
| renin
91
Renin converts ____ in the plasma to _____ 1, which is converted to _____ 2 in lung capillaries, which stimulates release of _____ in the adrenal cortex
angiotensinogen
angiotensin
angiotensin
aldosterone
92
Aldosterone stimulates _____ _____ ____ epithelial cells to reabsorb Na and Water, which ____ blood volume and pressure
distal convoluted tubules
| raises
93
____ arterioles of the glomerulus are usually thicker than ____ arterioles.
afferent
| efferent
94
A decrease in vascular volume causes a _____ in glomerular filtration rate and the amount of filtered _____. The reduction in NaCl is sensed by ____ ____ cells and triggers renin secretion
decrease
NaCl
macula densa
95
Collecting ducts (tubules) have cell membranes rich in _____
aquaporins
96
Collecting tubules have segments in the ____ and ____-
cortex
| medulla
97
cortical collecting tubules are located mainly in ____ ____ and are lined by 2 types of ____ cells
medullary rays
| cuboidal
98
Principal (____) cells have a round, centrally located nucelus and a single central ____ that acts as a mechanosensor. There are many basal plasma membrane _____
light
cilium
infoldings
99
principal/light cells remove ____ ions from the filtrate and secrete ______ into it. They respond to ____ from adrenals
Na, K
| aldosterone
100
Intercalated (____) cells are ____ numerous than principal cells. They have many cytoplasmic ____ and microplicae on their surface. They remove ___ from the filtrate and secrete ___ into it.
dark
less
vesicles
K, H+
101
Medullary collecting tubules in the outer medulla have ___ and ____ cells while in the inner medulla, they only have ____ cells
principal, intercalated
| principal
102
____ collecting tubules are large collecting tubules lined by a simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with a single central primary ____ that may function as a sensory
papillary
| cillium
103
Papillary collecting tubules empty at the ___ ____ at the apex of each renal pyramid.
area cribosa
104
The ____ ___ ____ is where 2/3 of the filtrate is reabsorbed. It reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and small proteins, along with most of the NaCl and water. There is/is not osmolarity change
proximal convoluted tubule
| is no
105
In the descending thick limb of Henle, ____ is reabsorbed while ____ is not
H2O
| NaCl
106
The descending thin limb is permeable to ____. Ultrafiltrate equilibrates with the ____ ____
H2O
| renal interstitium
107
The ascending thin limb is ____ to H2O. ___ is reabsorbed, and ___ moves into the tubule
impermeable
NaCl
Urea
108
The distal convoluted tubule and part of the collecting tubule ____ NaCl
reabsorb
109
In the collecting duct, ____ moves from interstitium to the duct
Urea
110
_____ is inflammation of the glomeruli. There may be proliferation of podocytes and ____ and ____ infiltration
glomerulonephritis
mesangial cells
leukocyte
111
Glomerulonephritis may occur after a ____ infection elsewhere in the body due to deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane.
strepoccoal
112
In glomerulonephritis, there is often blood in the urine (_____), protein in the urine (_____), or both. There may also be decreased urine output (____). The chronic form of this disease destroys glomeruli, leading to ___ ____ and death
hematuria
proteinuria
oliguria
renal failure
113
____ ____ ____ is destruction of epithelial cells lining a specific area of the nephron. As cells die, they slough off, forming ____ that occlude the lumen
acute tubular necrosis
| casts
114
Acute tubular necrosis can be either ____ (Shock, crush injuries, bacterial infection) or ____ (ingestion of poisins, heavy metals)
ischemic
| toxic
115
NSAIDs can cause ____ ____ ____ if you are dehydrated
acute tubular necrosis
116
____ ____ ____ is due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys causing decreased glomeruluar filtration and tubular ischemia
chornic renal failure
117
In chronic renal failure, the ___ ___ balance cannot be maintained and inability to eliminate metabolic wastes may occur
acid-base
118
In diabetes ____, there is destruction of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuceli in the hypothalamus which synthesizes ADH
insipidus
119
In diabetes insipidus, there is a decreased ability of the kidney to ____ urine in the collecting tubules due to reduced levels of ____
concentrate
| ADH
120
____ ____ is marked by dehydration, excessive thirst, and excretion of large amounts of dilute urine
diabetes insipidus
121
Kidney stones are usually made of ___ _____ and are due to elevated levels of Ca, oxalic acid, and uric acid
calcium oxalate
122
____ stones are due to magneisum, ammonium, phosphate, and calcium carbonate and are usually a result of UTI's
struvite
123
The ureter is made of ____ epithelium
transitional
124
The upper 2/3 has a ___ layered muscularis consisting of an inner longitudinal layer and outer ____ ____ muscle layer
2
| circular smooth
125
The distal 1/3 of of the ureter has a ___ layered muscularis
3
| Extra outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
126
The proximal ureter has more ___ and less ____ than the distal ureter
connective tissue, smooth muscle
127
The urinary bladder consists of _____ epithelium with a superficial layer of "____" cells
transitional
| umbrella
128
The urinary bladder has a lamina propria of ____ connective tissue and a _-layered muscularis
fibroelastic
| 3
129
In a relaxed bladder, the epithelium is rounded with a ____ contour. Umbrella cells contain unique ____ in their luminal plasma membrane and flattened ____ _____ in their cytoplasm that acts as a reserve surface membrane
scallopped
plaques
elliptical vesicles
130
In the distended bladder, the superficial cell layer appears ____ and the number of cell layers is ___, due to insertion of ____ ____ into the luminal plasma membrane of the surface cells
squamous
reduced
ellipitcal vesicles
131
The urethra consists of a __-layered muscularis. What are the layers?
2
inner longitudinal
outer circular smooth muscle
132
In the membranous urethra of males there is a ____ ____ muscle sphincter that permits ____ closure
external skeletal
| voluntary
133
The prostatic portion of the urethra is made of ____ epithelium while the membranous and penile portions are composed _____ epithelium
transitional
| pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium
134
The penile urethra recieves ducts of ____ glands and also has mucous secreting glands of _____ in the lamina propria
bulbourethral
| littre
135
The end of the penile/cavernous portion of the urethra is lined by ____ ____ epithelium
stratified squamous
136
What are the changes of epithelium in the female urethra? (3 of them)
transitional epithelium-->
pseudostratified columnar-->
stratified squamous non keratinized
