Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Test 3 Brendan > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system plays a role in blood pressure regulation. ______ cells synthesize renin, which initiates converstion of ______ to ______

A

juxtaglomerular
angiotensin
angiotensin 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Urinary system also has an endocrine function. Peritubuluar capillary endothelial cells and interstitial cells of the cortex and medulla synthesize _____

A

erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kidneys have a thin connective tissue capsule with 2 layers: an inner layer of _____ and an outer layer of ______ ____ ___

A

myofibroblasts

dense irregular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kidneys are divided into an outer ____ that receives 90% of the blood supply and an inner _____

A

cortex

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the functional unit of the kidney is the _____ or _____ + collecting tubule called the _____ tubule

A

nephron, nephron

uriniferous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _____ of the kidney is the concave region of the kidney where the renal pelvis is located that continues arteries, veins, lymph, and nerves

A

hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ____ is a cone shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter. It is continuous with ____ renal calyces, which branch into ____ calyces, which end at the _____ of the medullary pyramids

A

pelvis
major
minor
papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The cortex is the superficial kidney layer consisting of primarily renal ____ and ____ tubulues

A

corpuscles

convoluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are no renal corpuscles in the _____

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal _____ are extensions of cortical tissue that run between adjacent renal pyramids

A

columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ ____ are groups of straight tubules that extend from the base of each renal pyramid into the cortex

A

medullary rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There are no _____ in the renal medulla

A

glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renal pyramids form the bulk of the renal medulla and consist primarily of the ______ and _______

A

thin limbs of henle

collecting tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The renal ___ is located at the apex of each renal pyramid. The tip of it is ____ and projects into the minor calyx lumen

A

papilla

perforated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Renal _____ is the connective tissue of the kidney and is sparse

A

interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The interstitiam is mostly fibroblasts and _____ cells. Fibroblasts near peritubular capillaries produce ____

A

mononuclear

erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the medulla there are ____ along blood vessels supplying the loops of henle and ____ cells

A

pericytes

interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interstitial cells are found between loops of henle and _____ ducts and vasa recta. They are elongated nuclei with ____ droplets and may synthesize _____ 1 which is converted to _____ 2 in the liver and is a vasodilator

A

collecting
lipid
medullipin
medullipin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The renal lobule is an area of cortex surrounded on either side by an _____ ____. This area has many ____, and all drain into the same collecting duct

A

interlobular artery

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The two types of nephrons are _____ and _____

A

cortical

juxtomedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 things nephrons consist of :

A

renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cortical nephrons are in the outer part of the cortex. They have ____ loops of henle and many ____ ____

A

short

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons have ____ loops of henle that run in association with ____ ____ far down in the medulla. These are responsible for establishing the interstitial concentration gradient in the ____

A

long
vasa recta
medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathway from glomerulus to collecting duct?

A

glomerulus–>proximal convoluted tubule–thin limb-loop of henle—distal convoluted tubule–collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the medulla is divided into an inner and outer zone. The outer zone is divided into inner and outer stripe. The ____ stripe has no thin limbs and only thick limbs. The ____ stripe has thin limbs and thick limbs

A

outer

inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The inner medulla consists of ___, and ___, but no ____

A

collecting ducts and thin limbs,

no thick limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

___ nephrons do not protrude into the inner medulla while ____ nephrons do.

A

corticol

juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The renal artery enters the kidney at the ____ and leads into ____ arteries

A

hilum

interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Interlobar arteries run between renal ________ and divide into ____ arteries that travel along the corticomedullary junction and feed into ____ arteries

A

pyramids
arcuate
interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Interlobular arteries enter cortical tissue and travel between adjacent ____ ____. These then lead into ____ (glomerular) arterioles, enter the glomerulus, and leave as _____ arteriorles

A

medullary rays
afferent
efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The blood circulation of the kidney is as follows: _____–>_____–>_____—>_____—>______

A 
afferent arteriole
capillaries of glomerulus
efferrent arteriole
capillary network
venule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Efferent arterioles associated with cortical nephrons leave the golmerulus and give rise to extensive _____ ____ networks high in the cortex and ____ ___ near the corticomedullary junction

A

peritubular capillary

vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

There are/are not anastamoses between interlobar arteries

A

are not-

the can cause focal necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ ___ arise from efferent arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons. These are long, thin vessels that follow a straight path into the ____ and renal ____ where they form capillaries and loop back, increasing in diameter toward the ____ boundary

A

vasa recta
medulla, papilla
corticomedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vasa recta are closely associated with ____ ____ and supply nutrients and oxygen

A

henle’s loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Capillaries play a critical role in ____ exchange with the interstitum

A

countercurrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

____ veins are formed by a convergence of superficial cortical veins which drain the outermost cortex layers

A

stellate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

___ cortical veins drain the deeper regions of the cortex

A

deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

____ veins receive both stellate and deep cortical veins. These join ___ veins which empty into ___ veins. These converge to form a branch of the renal vein, which exits at the kidney ____

A

interlobular
arcruate
interlobar
hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of the ____ and ____

A

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The bowman’s capsule has a ____ layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the outer wall. There is also a ____ layer of modified simple squamous epithelium composed of _____ that covers the glomuerula capillaires

A

parietal
visceral
podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

____ space is the area between the visceral and parietal layers

A

bowman’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the _____ pole is the area of bowman’s capsule where the afferent and efferent glomerular arteriole enters and leaves the glomerulus

A

vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the ____ pole is the area of bowman’s capsule where the urinary space becomes continous with the proximal convoluted lumen

A

urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle is ____-____-____

A

fenestrated epithelium-basement membrane-podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The ___ ____ is a capillary tuft that extends into bowman’s capsule

A

renal glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Capillaries of the renal glomerulus are lined by ____ _____

A

fenestrated endotheliunm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The endothelium of the renal glomerulus sits on a thick basal lamina that is shared with _____

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The interstitial tissue located between glomeruluar capillaries is composed of ____ cells and an amporphous extracellullar _____

A

mesangial

matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

mesangial cell functions: 1. ____ support for capillarires 2. _______ turnover of glomeruluar basement membrane material (ie large protein molecules, debris) 3. _____-regulate blood flow by decreasing the filtration surface area.

A

mechanical
phagocytic
contractile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mesangial cell functions cont… 4: source of _____ and ____ that cause constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles. 5. respond to ____ and _______

A

prostoglandins endothelins

angiotensin 2, atrial natriuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Mesangial cells can proliferate and synthesize _____ material and _____

A

matrix

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Immunoglobulins and complement molecules can enter mesangial matrix and induce ____ production by mesangial cells

A

cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Proximal convuluted tubules can be identified histologically by a _____ brush border

A

disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Podocytes are modified epithelial cells that have primary processes that give rise to secondary processes called ____ that from the visceral layer of bowman’s capsules.

A

pedicels

56
Q

Pedicels are secondary podocytes that wrap around ____ capillaries and interdigitate with other pedicels. They have a transmembrane sialoglycoportein that extends into the glycocalyx coating called ____, which contributes to the ___ charge in the glomerular epithelium

A

glomeruluar
podcalyxin
negative

57
Q

_____ ____ are spaces between adjacent pedicels with filamentous diaphragms that bridge each space

A

filtration slits

58
Q

The renal filtration barrier is glomerular capillary ____ ____, basal lamina, and filtration slits with ____ between pedicels

A

fenestrated endothelium

diaphragms

59
Q

The filtration slit consists of the protein _____ anchored to actin filiaments in the pedicles by protien CD2AP. The basement membrane is ____ charged due to ____ content and repels ____ charged proteins

A

nephrin
negatively, glycosaminoglycans
negatively

60
Q

The renal filtration barrier allows H2O, ions, and small molecules to pass from the blood into the urinary space but prevents passage of ____ or ____ _____ proteins

A

large, negatively charged

61
Q

The ____ ____ ____ drains bowman’s space at the urinary pole

A

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

62
Q

The Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is lined by a simple ____ epithelium with a _____ brush border, ____ vesicles, and abundant ____ that have acid phosphatase activity

A

cuboidal
microvilli
pinocytotic
lysosomes

63
Q

PCT has abdundant lysosomes for uptake and breakdown of ____ to _____

A

peptides, amino acids

64
Q

The PCT functiosn to reabsorb all of the ____, amino acids, and small proteins, and most of the ____ and ____ from the filtrate

A

glucose

water, NaCl

65
Q

transport of ___ and ____ establishes the osmotic gradient for H2O absorption

A

NaCl, glucose

66
Q

The ____ secretes organic acids such as creatine, bases, and certain foreign substances while exchanging H+ ions into the interstitium for ____ ions in the filtrate

A

PCT

bicarbonate

67
Q

There is no osmolarity change in the ultrafiltrate of the _____

A

PCT

68
Q

___are the most abundant tubules by volume

A

PCT

69
Q

After the PCT, we have the ____ ____ limb of henle’s loop

A

descending thick

70
Q

the descending thick limb is lined by a simple ____ epithelium, has fewer ____, smaller mitochondria and a prominent ___ _____

A

cuboidal
lysosomes
brush border

71
Q

___ is absorbed, while ____ is not in the descending thick limb

A

H2O, NaCl

72
Q

The _____ ____ of henle’s loop is composed of the descending segment, a loop, and an ascending segment in _____ nephrons. Cortical nephrons may only have the ____ portion

A

thin limb
juxtamedullary
descending

73
Q

The thin limb of henle’s loop is lined by simple ____ epithelial cells, with cell nuclei bulging into the ____

A

SQUAMOUS (unlike PCT and thick limb)

lumen

74
Q

The descending thin limb is _____ to H2O while the ascending thin limb is _____ to H2O

A

permeable

impermeable

75
Q

The sodium-potassium ATPase pump of the ascending thin limb of henle functions to reabsorb ____. Some ____ such as furosamide inhibit reabsorption of this and increase excretion of it and H2O

A

NaCl

diuretics

76
Q

The ascending thick limb of Henle’s loop is lined by ____ epithelial cells with a ____ located nucleus. The mitochondria are compartmentalized within basal plasma membrane ____

A

cuboidal
apically
infoldings

77
Q

The ascending thick limb returns to the ____ ___ of origin. In this area it lies in close contact with the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles and becomes modified to form the _____ _____, which is part of the juxtaglomeruluar apparatus

A

renal corpuscle

macula densa

78
Q

The ____ ____ is 3-5 cuboidal nuclei lined up next to the vascular pole

A

macula densa

79
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is continuous with the ____ ____ and is similar histologically to the ____ ____ limb of henle’s loop

A

macula densa

ascending thick

80
Q

Cells of the DCT have a shorter and wider ____ than the PCT, and lack a ___ ____

A

lumen

brush border

81
Q

The DCT reabsorbs ___ ions from the filtrate and actively transports them into the renal interstitium. This process is stimulated by ____

A

Na

aldosterone

82
Q

The DCT excretes ___, ____, and ___ ions into the filtrate from the interstitium

A

K, H, ammonium

83
Q

The PCT nuclei are located ____ in the cell while the DCT nuclei are located ____

A

basally

apically

84
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located at the ____ pole of the renal corpuscle

A

vascular

85
Q

The JG apparatus contains juxtagolmerular cells which are mainly in the wall of the ____ arteriole. They are modified ____ ____ cells that sense blood pressure decreases and synthesize ___ that is stored in secretory granules

A

afferent
smooth muscle
renin

86
Q

___ ____ cells are located in the JG apparatus and are tall, narrow, epithelial distal tube cells with elongated and closely packed ____.

A

macula densa

nuceli

87
Q

Macula densa cells are sensitive to changes in ____ concentration, telling the JG cells to secrete renin via ____ _____

A

NaCl

gap junctions

88
Q

JG cells are also innervated by ____ nerve fibers. ____ and ____ secreted by these fibers stimulates renin secretion

A

sympathetic (adrenergic)

dopamine, Norepinephrine

89
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also called pole cushion or ___ cells) are found between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. They are connected to each other and JG cells by ____ ____

A

lacis

gap junctions

90
Q

The function of the ____ ____ is to maintain blood pressure by stimulating JG cells to release ____

A

juxtoglomerular apparatus

renin

91
Q

Renin converts ____ in the plasma to _____ 1, which is converted to _____ 2 in lung capillaries, which stimulates release of _____ in the adrenal cortex

A

angiotensinogen
angiotensin
angiotensin
aldosterone

92
Q

Aldosterone stimulates _____ _____ ____ epithelial cells to reabsorb Na and Water, which ____ blood volume and pressure

A

distal convoluted tubules

raises

93
Q

____ arterioles of the glomerulus are usually thicker than ____ arterioles.

A

afferent

efferent

94
Q

A decrease in vascular volume causes a _____ in glomerular filtration rate and the amount of filtered _____. The reduction in NaCl is sensed by ____ ____ cells and triggers renin secretion

A

decrease
NaCl
macula densa

95
Q

Collecting ducts (tubules) have cell membranes rich in _____

A

aquaporins

96
Q

Collecting tubules have segments in the ____ and ____-

A

cortex

medulla

97
Q

cortical collecting tubules are located mainly in ____ ____ and are lined by 2 types of ____ cells

A

medullary rays

cuboidal

98
Q

Principal (____) cells have a round, centrally located nucelus and a single central ____ that acts as a mechanosensor. There are many basal plasma membrane _____

A

light
cilium
infoldings

99
Q

principal/light cells remove ____ ions from the filtrate and secrete ______ into it. They respond to ____ from adrenals

A

Na, K

aldosterone

100
Q

Intercalated (____) cells are ____ numerous than principal cells. They have many cytoplasmic ____ and microplicae on their surface. They remove ___ from the filtrate and secrete ___ into it.

A

dark
less
vesicles
K, H+

101
Q

Medullary collecting tubules in the outer medulla have ___ and ____ cells while in the inner medulla, they only have ____ cells

A

principal, intercalated

principal

102
Q

____ collecting tubules are large collecting tubules lined by a simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with a single central primary ____ that may function as a sensory

A

papillary

cillium

103
Q

Papillary collecting tubules empty at the ___ ____ at the apex of each renal pyramid.

A

area cribosa

104
Q

The ____ ___ ____ is where 2/3 of the filtrate is reabsorbed. It reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and small proteins, along with most of the NaCl and water. There is/is not osmolarity change

A

proximal convoluted tubule

is no

105
Q

In the descending thick limb of Henle, ____ is reabsorbed while ____ is not

A

H2O

NaCl

106
Q

The descending thin limb is permeable to ____. Ultrafiltrate equilibrates with the ____ ____

A

H2O

renal interstitium

107
Q

The ascending thin limb is ____ to H2O. ___ is reabsorbed, and ___ moves into the tubule

A

impermeable
NaCl
Urea

108
Q

The distal convoluted tubule and part of the collecting tubule ____ NaCl

A

reabsorb

109
Q

In the collecting duct, ____ moves from interstitium to the duct

A

Urea

110
Q

_____ is inflammation of the glomeruli. There may be proliferation of podocytes and ____ and ____ infiltration

A

glomerulonephritis
mesangial cells
leukocyte

111
Q

Glomerulonephritis may occur after a ____ infection elsewhere in the body due to deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane.

A

strepoccoal

112
Q

In glomerulonephritis, there is often blood in the urine (_____), protein in the urine (_____), or both. There may also be decreased urine output (____). The chronic form of this disease destroys glomeruli, leading to ___ ____ and death

A

hematuria
proteinuria
oliguria
renal failure

113
Q

____ ____ ____ is destruction of epithelial cells lining a specific area of the nephron. As cells die, they slough off, forming ____ that occlude the lumen

A

acute tubular necrosis

casts

114
Q

Acute tubular necrosis can be either ____ (Shock, crush injuries, bacterial infection) or ____ (ingestion of poisins, heavy metals)

A

ischemic

toxic

115
Q

NSAIDs can cause ____ ____ ____ if you are dehydrated

A

acute tubular necrosis

116
Q

____ ____ ____ is due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys causing decreased glomeruluar filtration and tubular ischemia

A

chornic renal failure

117
Q

In chronic renal failure, the ___ ___ balance cannot be maintained and inability to eliminate metabolic wastes may occur

A

acid-base

118
Q

In diabetes ____, there is destruction of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuceli in the hypothalamus which synthesizes ADH

A

insipidus

119
Q

In diabetes insipidus, there is a decreased ability of the kidney to ____ urine in the collecting tubules due to reduced levels of ____

A

concentrate

ADH

120
Q

____ ____ is marked by dehydration, excessive thirst, and excretion of large amounts of dilute urine

A

diabetes insipidus

121
Q

Kidney stones are usually made of ___ _____ and are due to elevated levels of Ca, oxalic acid, and uric acid

A

calcium oxalate

122
Q

____ stones are due to magneisum, ammonium, phosphate, and calcium carbonate and are usually a result of UTI’s

A

struvite

123
Q

The ureter is made of ____ epithelium

A

transitional

124
Q

The upper 2/3 has a ___ layered muscularis consisting of an inner longitudinal layer and outer ____ ____ muscle layer

A

2

circular smooth

125
Q

The distal 1/3 of of the ureter has a ___ layered muscularis

A

3

Extra outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

126
Q

The proximal ureter has more ___ and less ____ than the distal ureter

A

connective tissue, smooth muscle

127
Q

The urinary bladder consists of _____ epithelium with a superficial layer of “____” cells

A

transitional

umbrella

128
Q

The urinary bladder has a lamina propria of ____ connective tissue and a _-layered muscularis

A

fibroelastic

3

129
Q

In a relaxed bladder, the epithelium is rounded with a ____ contour. Umbrella cells contain unique ____ in their luminal plasma membrane and flattened ____ _____ in their cytoplasm that acts as a reserve surface membrane

A

scallopped
plaques
elliptical vesicles

130
Q

In the distended bladder, the superficial cell layer appears ____ and the number of cell layers is ___, due to insertion of ____ ____ into the luminal plasma membrane of the surface cells

A

squamous
reduced
ellipitcal vesicles

131
Q

The urethra consists of a __-layered muscularis. What are the layers?

A

2
inner longitudinal
outer circular smooth muscle

132
Q

In the membranous urethra of males there is a ____ ____ muscle sphincter that permits ____ closure

A

external skeletal

voluntary

133
Q

The prostatic portion of the urethra is made of ____ epithelium while the membranous and penile portions are composed _____ epithelium

A

transitional

pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium

134
Q

The penile urethra recieves ducts of ____ glands and also has mucous secreting glands of _____ in the lamina propria

A

bulbourethral

littre

135
Q

The end of the penile/cavernous portion of the urethra is lined by ____ ____ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

136
Q

What are the changes of epithelium in the female urethra? (3 of them)

A

transitional epithelium–>
pseudostratified columnar–>
stratified squamous non keratinized

Histology Test 3 Brendan (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions