Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
The two major functions of the ovaries are _____ (estrogen and progesterone production) and _______ (oocytes and ova production)
A
steroidogenesis
gametogenesis
2
Q
The ovarian capsule (_____ _____) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
A
tunica albuginea
3
Q
The ovaries are covered by a simple cuboidal or squamos epithelium known as the _____ epithelium
A
germinal
4
Q
The ovarian _____ contains ovarian follicles
A
cortex
5
Q
The ovarian _____ contains large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves in a loose CT stroma
A
medulla
6
Q
The three types of ovarian follicles are ___ ____ and _____
A
primordial
growing
graafian
7
Q
The primordial follicle is a ____ ____ covered by 1 layer of squamous follicular cells
A
primary oocyte
8
Q
The key feature of an oocyte is presence of many golgi regions, mitochondria, and rER profiles, all together forming a _____ ____
A
balbiani body
9
Q
Oocytes are arrested in _____ of meiosis 1 and may remain in this stage for many years
A
prophase
10
Q
Primordial follicles have a large, acentric ____
A
nucleus
11
Q
___ cells are separated from stroma by a basal lamina and attach to each other by desmosomes
A
follicular
12
Q
What is the growing cycle of an oocyte? Primordial follicle –>
A
primordial–>primary–>multilamellar–>secondary–>graafian
13
Q
The three kinds of growing follicles are : ____, ___, and _____
A
primary
multilamellar
secondary
14
Q
Primary follicles have an amorphous layer called ___ ____ that is acidophillic and surrounds the oocyte
A
zona pellucida
15
Q
Primary _____ follicles develop from primordial follicles and have 1 layer of _____ follicular cells surrounding the oocyte
A
unilaminar
cuboidal
16
Q
____ primary follicles develop from unilaminar folicles by proliferation of ____ cells
A
multilaminar
follicular
17
Q
Multilaminar follicles have several layers of follicular cells called ____ cells
A
granulosa
18
Q
Stromal cells form a sheath around granulosa cells called the ____ ____ in multilaminar cells
A
theca folliculi
19
Q
The theca folliculi is divided into an inner cellular cuboidal layer called _____ ____ and an outer fibrous layer called ___ ____
A
theca interna
theca externa
20
Q
Secondary (___) follicles are established when fluid (liquor folliculi) accumulates in intercellular spaces between granulosa cells
A
antral
21
Q
The liquor folliculi fills intercellular spaces and coalesces, forming a single large cavity called the _____
A
antrum
22
Q
____ stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens made by theca interna cells into estrogens and to manufacture membrane receptors of _____ hormone
A
FSH
lutenizing
23
Q
____ from the oocyte and narrow processes from the granulosa cells extend into the zona pellucida
A
microvilli
24
Q
____ cells contact each other via gap junctions and form ga junctions with the oocyte plasma membrane
A
granulosa
25
The theca ____ makes androgens, which are transferred to ____ cells and converted into estrogens
interna
| granulosa
26
The _____ (mature) follicle is the one follicle among secondary follicles that will ovulate
graafian
27
The graafian follicle has an ____ positioned oocyte located on a small mound of granulosa cells called the _____ ____, which projects into the antrum
acentrically
| cumulus oophorus
28
The ____ ____ is mainly collagenous and contains many blood vessels which nourish the theca interna
theca externa
29
The primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division just prior to ovulation, forming a ____ ____ and the first ___ ____
secondary oocyte
| polar body
30
After its first meiotic division, the secondary oocyte beings its second meiotic division but is blocked at ____. When the sperm contacts the secondary oocyte, a reaction with _____ enzymes initiates the second meiotic division
metaphase
| acrosomal
31
Sperm fertilizes the ___ ovum that results from the second meiotic division
haploid
32
Acrosomal reaction causes the ___ ____ on the oocyte to breakdown so that other sperm cannot attach
zona pellucida
33
Ovulation occurs in response to a surge of _____ as the secondary oocyte and the cumulus cells (____ ____) leave the ruptured follicle to enter the fimbriated oviduct end
LH
| Corona radiata
34
The ____ ____ is made of granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells
corpus luteum
35
The corpus luteum is a temporary ____ gland, whose formation depends on LH
endocrine
36
Granulosa lutein cells are large, pale, and have abundant sER and rER. They manufacture most of the body's _______ and convert androgens from theca lutein cells into _____
progesterone
| estradiol
37
Theca lutein cells are small and concentrated mainly on the corpus luteum _____. They manufacture _____ and small amounts of estrogen and progesteone
periphery
| androstenedione
38
The ____ ____ is a small scar formed from the corpus luteum remnants after function ceases and it degenerates
corpus albicans
39
____ follicles are those that are undergoing degneration
atretitc
40
Atretic follicles are commonly present in the ovary; after a graafian follicle ovulates, the remaining _____ Follicles degenerate
secondary
41
Oviducts/fallopian tubes have a wall consisting of ___ ____ and ____
mucosa, muscularis, serosa
42
Fallopian tubes are divided into 4 regions: ____, ____, ____, and ____
infidibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural piortion
43
The mucosa of the oviduct has extensive ____ folds in the infindibulum
longitudinal
44
The epithelium of the fallopian tube is made of ____ columnar and 2 cell types: ______ and _____
simple
| peg, ciliated
45
____ cells make nutrient-rich secretions to nourish spermatozoa and the pre-implantation embryo
peg
46
____ cells have cilia that primarily beat towards the uterus lumen. They may help ___ transport to the uterus
ciliated
| embryo
47
The lamina propria of uterine tubes is sparse, consisting of _____ CT with reticular fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, and lymphoid cells
loose
48
The muscularis of the uterine tube consists of a poorly defined inner ____ layer and outer ____ smooth muscle layer
circular
| longitudinal
49
Rythmic contraction of the ____ may assist the pre-implantation embryo in moving towards the uteris
muscularis
50
The serosa of the uterine tube covers the oviduct outer surface and is composed of a simple ____ epithelium over a CT layer
squamous
51
The isthmus contains a large amount of ____ and a ____ lumen
muscularis
| narrow
52
The uterus is suibdivided into 3 parts:
fundus
body
cervix
53
the uterine wall consists of the ____, ____, and _____ (or serosa)
endometrium
myometrium
adventitia
54
____ is present over surfaces within the peritoneal cavity, while ____ is present along uterine retroperitoneal surfaces
serosa
| adventitia
55
The uterus endometrium is a _____ ____ epithelium with secretory ___ cells
simple columnar
| mucous
56
The stroma of the endometrium resembles mesencyhymal CT, with ____ fibers and _____-shaped cells
reticular
| stellate
57
The uterus endometrium is divided into 2 indistinct layers:
functional and basal
58
The ____ layer is the thick superficial endometrial layer that is sloughed off and reestablished monthly during changes of the menstrual cycle
functional
59
the ____ layer is the deep endometrial layer that is _____ during menstruation. It has endometrial glands and basal cells which provide a source for endometrial ____ after the other layer is sloughed off
basal
preserved
reepithelialization
60
The endometrial vascular supply consists of 2 kinds of arteries: ____ and ____
coiled and straight
61
____ arteries extend into the functional layer and undergo changes during different stages of the menstrual cycle
coiled
62
____ arteries do not undergo cyclic changes. They terminate in the ____ layer
straight
| basal
63
___ causes development of the oocyte
FSH
64
The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is driven by ____
estrogen
65
Ovulation is driven by ____
LH
66
____ is the primary hormone in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
progesterone
67
The uterine myometrium consists of a thick uterine ____ ____ _____
smooth muscle tunic
68
The uterus myometrium consists of 3 layers, an inner and outer longitudinal layer and a thick middle circular layer that is richly ____. This layer is also called the ____ ____
vascularized
| stratum vasculare
69
The uterus ____ thickens during pregnancy due to smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. These smooth muscle cells develop many ____ ____ near the end of pregnancy to help coordinate muscle contraction
myometrium
| gap junctions
70
During partuition, smooth muscle cells undergo powerful contraction triggered by ____ and ____
oxytocin, prostaglandins
71
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
menstrual
proliferative
secretory
72
In the menstrual phase, ____ ____ (menses) enters the uterus lumen from the endometrium
hemorrhagic discharge
73
The menstrual phase is driven by contraction and relaxation of ____ arteries due to low levels of ____ and _____
coiled
| progesterone, estrogen
74
Prolonged arterial ____ of the coiled arteries causes ischemia, while sudden and intermittent ____ ruptures their walls, flodding the stroma with blood and detaching the epithelium
vasoconstriction
| vasodilation
75
The ____ layer is not sloughed off during menstruation since it is supplied by short ___ vessels that do not undergo prolonged vasoconstriction
basal
| straight
76
In the ____ phase, the entire functional layer is renewed and glands, CT, and coiled arteries are repaired
proliferative
77
In the proliferative phase, the epithelial lining is renewed by mitotic activity of cells in ____ ____ of the basal layer
uterin glands
78
The ____ phase begins shortly after ovulation and is characterized by endometrial thickening due to edema and secretion by endometrial glands
secretory
79
In the secretory phase, glands become ____ and cells in the lumen accumulate large amounts of ____
coiled
| glycogen
80
In there secretory phase, there is also increased ____ of arteries. They become longer and extending into the superficial parts of the ____ layer
coiling
| functional
81
_____ promotes watery mucous secretion in the cervix during the proliferative phase
estrogen
82
After ovulation, the mucous of the cervix becomes more ____ to prevent spread of bacteria from the vagina
viscous
83
The cervix contains ____ ____ (mucous secreting) epithelium besides the inferior portion, which is covered by ___ ____ ____ epithelium
simple columnar
| stratified squamous non-keratinized
84
Branched ___ glands secrete a serous fluid near the ovulation time which facilitates spermatazoa entry into the uterine lumen
cervical
85
Before partuition, the ____ dilates and softens due to the lysis of collagen in response to the hormone _____
cervix
| relaxin
86
The vagina is composed of 3 layers:
inner mucosa, middle muscularis, external adventitia
87
The vagina is circumscribed by ____ ___ at the external orfice
skeletal muscle
88
The mucosa epithelium is ____ ____ ____ and contains ____, which is used by vaginal bacteria to make lactic acid to lower the pH during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and inhibits pathogen invasion
stratified squamous non-keratinized
| glycogen
89
The ____ ___ of the vagina is composed of fibroelastic CT tissue and is highly vascular in the deeper portion
lamina propria
90
The muscularis of the vagina is made of irregularly arranged ____ muscle layers interspersed with ____ fibers
smooth
| elastic
91
The ____ is made of fibroelastic connective tissue that fixes the vagina to the surrounding structures
adventitia
92
Mammary glands are composed of about 2 dozen ____ ____ glands. Each gland has its own ___ sinus and a duct that opens at the nipple apex
compound tubuloalveolar
| lactiferous
93
____ and ____ ductules develop in females after puberty due to hormonal changes. There is also an increase in ____ tissue in the stroma
lobules, terminal
| adipose
94
____ glands are characteristic of adult, non-pregnant females. They are composed of _____ sinuses and ducts lined primarily by stratified cuboidal epithelium.
resting
| lactiferous
95
The lowest layer of resting mammary glands consists of ____ cells that have a basal lamina separating the epithelial components from the underlying stroma
myoepithelial
96
In active (lactating) mammary glands, ____ develop. This occurs only during pregnancy as _____ ductules proliferate
alveoli
| terminal
97
____ cells are cuboidal secretory cells lining the mammary gland alveoli
alveolar
98
Alveolar cells are surrounded by an incomplete _____ layer that contains lipid droplets and vesicles containing milk protein
myoepithelial
99
Alveolar cell secretion occurs by 2 different mechanisms: Lipids are released by ____ mechanism while proteins are released via _____ mechanism.
apocrine
| merocrine (exocytosis)
100
The nipple contains dense collagenous connective tissue interlaced with smooth muscle fibers that acts as a ____. It contains ____ duct openings
sphincter
| lactiferous
101
In a _____ ____, epithelial cells are scraped from the cervix lining and examined for cancer
papanicolaou (pap) smear
102
Carcinoma of the cervix originates from _____ ____ ____ epithelial ells.
stratified squamous non-keratinized
103
Cervical cancer is caused by the ____ ____ virus
human papiloma
104
____ is a condition in which uterine endometrial tissue exists in the pelvic peritoneal cavity. As the endometrium is shed, ____ occurs in the peritoneal cavity, causing severe pain and formation of cysts and adhesions
endometriosis
| bleeding
105
_____ is a benign smooth muscle tumor that occurs frequently in the uterus
leiomyoma
106
In an _____ pregnancy, there is implantation of the early embryo in the oviduct wall or other abnormal site
ectopic
107
Breast cancer may originate from ductal epithelial lining (_____ carcinoma) or terminal ductules (____ carcinoma)
ductal
| lobular
108
In ____ disease, there is eczema of the nipple
paget's
