Digestive System-Lower

Question 1

The hall mark of duodenum is _____ glands in the submucosa, short and broad villi, and an incomplete serosa that is mostly _____

Answer 1

brunner’s

adventitia

Question 2

The jejunum consists of _____ finger like vili, well developed ______, and numerous _____ cells in crypts

Answer 2

long
lacteals
paneth

Question 3

The illeum consists of ____ finger like villi, _____ _____, and paneth cells

Answer 3

short

peyer’s patches

Question 4

Tissue modifications to increase surface area in the small intestine include: 3 things

Answer 4

plicae circulares
vili
microvilli

Question 5

_____ ______ (also called valves of kerckring) are permanent spiral folds of the mucosa and submucosa, found in the duodenum distal half, jejunum, and proximal half of ileum

Answer 5

plicae circulares

Question 6

Intestinal villi are finger like projections of ______. The villus core consists of lamina propria with plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, smooth muscle cells capillaries, and a single _____ (blind-end lymphatic cell)

Answer 6

mucosa

lacteal

Question 7

The ____ of the intestinal villi is the main channel for fat absorption

Answer 7

lacteal

Question 8

Capillary plexi are located in ____ and at the base of the ____ in small intestine

Answer 8

villi

crypts

Question 9

crypts of lieberkuhn are _____ tubular glands that extend from approximately the middle of the villus to the the base of ____ near muscularis mucosae

Answer 9

simple

epithelium

Question 10

Crypts of liberkuhn are composed of 5 types of cells:

Answer 10

goblet cells
columnar cells
enteroendocrine cells
regenerative cells
paneth cells

Question 11

The number of goblet cells ____ from the duodenum to the colon

Answer 11

increases

Question 12

____ cells are found at the base of crypts of liberfkuhn and are unique to the small intestine

Answer 12

paneth

Question 13

Microvilli are found on the ____ surface of the enterocytes. They consist of a core of ____ filaments linked with ____ and ____

Answer 13

apical
actin
fimbrillin, villin

Question 14

Actin microvilli are anchored to the plasma membrane by myosin 1 and _____. At the base of the actin bundle is a rootlet that is crosslinked by an intestine form of ____ to adjacent rootlets

Answer 14

calmodulin

spectrin

Question 15

The _____ ____ in microvilli consists of intermediate filiaments attached to rootlets and spectrin

Answer 15

terminal web

Question 16

Small intestine motility is controlled by the submucosal ____ plexus and the _____ plexus between the inner and outer smooth muscle layers of muscularis externa.

Answer 16

meissner’s

myenteric

Question 17

_____ cells are unicellular glands that produce mucinogen. This accumulates in membrane-bound granules in the _____ region. After being released, mucinogen is converted to ____

Answer 17

goblet
apical
mucous

Question 18

____ are surface absorptive cells in the small intestine

Answer 18

enterocytes

Question 19

Enterocytes are tall ____ cells with an apical surface posssing microvilla covered by a _____

Answer 19

columnar

glycocalyx

Question 20

enterocytes have well developed zonulae _____ (tight junctions) and zonula _____ and lateral _____

Answer 20

occulens
adherens
plications

Question 21

Enterocytes divide down in the ____ and migrate up the villus, where they slough off at the villus ___ after 5-6 days

Answer 21

crypts

tip

Question 22

The enzymes ____, ___, and ____ are located in the brush border membrane and digest carbohyrdates

Answer 22

lactase
maltase
sucrase

Question 23

_____ and ____ in microvilli degrade proteins into di and tripeptides and amino acids

Answer 23

enterokinase

aminopeptidase

Question 24

Cytoplasmic ____ degrades di and tripeptides to amino acids

Answer 24

peptidase

Question 25

micellar lipids diffuse into microvilli and become linked to _____ ____ ____ _____. They than are transported to and esterified in the ____ ____ to form TG

Answer 25

fatty acid binding protein | smooth ER

Question 26

Chylomicrons (From dietary TG) fuse with baso-lateral plasma membrane and move into the intracellular space and eventually to _____

Answer 26

lacteals

Question 27

____ cells are a microfold cell located in epithelium over lymnphoid nodules in the ileum.

Answer 27

M

Question 28

The basolateral portion of M-cells may form an _____ pocket, where ______ cells may be located

Answer 28

``` intraepithelial B (lymphocytes) ```

Question 29

___ cells function in antigen uptake, processing, and transport to lymphocytes and macrophages in the lamina propria

Answer 29

M

Question 30

M cells take up antigens, which are processed in _____ containing vesicles and transcytosed to ____ cells

Answer 30

protease | B

Question 31

___ cells are closely associated with lymphoid follicular epithelium in peyer's patches. The cell may extend cell processes across basal lamina and between ___ tight junctions so that a small portion is exposed to the intestinal epithelium

Answer 31

Dendritic | enterocyte

Question 32

Enteroendocrine cells are ____ abundant in the stomach than in the small intestine

Answer 32

more

Question 33

Paneth cells contain large ______ apical secretory granules

Answer 33

eiosonophilic

Question 34

___ cells occur at the bottom of crypts of lieberkuhn and produce lysozyme continuously that cleaves _____ in bacteria cell wall

Answer 34

paneth | peptidoglycan

Question 35

Paneth cells secrete microbicidal ____ (aka peptides called cryptidins) in response to bacteria, antigens, or food related stimulation by _____. These protect regenerative cells in crypts

Answer 35

defensins | Acetylcholine

Question 36

_____ cells are found in the lower half of crypt and contain many mitotic figures. They may differentiate into absorptive or goblet cells

Answer 36

regenerative

Question 37

_____ are found in the lamina propria between villi cores and ____

Answer 37

lacteals | crypts

Question 38

____ glands are located in the submucosa of DUODENUM. They are branched ______ glands

Answer 38

brunner's | tubuloalveolar

Question 39

Brunner's glands produce ____ secretion of neutral and alkaline glycoproteins and bicarbonate ions and GIP to protect intestine from the ____ chyme

Answer 39

alkaline | acidic

Question 40

______ ____ ____ is a polypeptide hormone that enhances epithelial cell division and inhibits gastric HCL production

Answer 40

gastric inhibitory peptide

Question 41

The hallmark of the illeum is the presence of aggregate lymphoid nodules called ____ _____.

Answer 41

peyer's patches

Question 42

The cecum and colon do not contain ____. They are simple columnar epithelium with _____ cells and some enteroendocrine cells

Answer 42

villi | goblet

Question 43

The lamina propria of the cecum and colon consists of lymphoid nodules and closely packed _____. However, there are no _____ cells

Answer 43

crypts | paneth

Question 44

The submucosa of the cecum and colon consists of ____ connective tissue, ____ plexus, but no _____

Answer 44

fibroelastic meissner's glands

Question 45

The muscularis externa of the cecum and colon consists of an inner ____ layer and a modified outer ____ layer of smooth muscle. The outer layer is gathered into 3 longitudinal bands that form the _____ ____

Answer 45

circular longitudinal teniae coli

Question 46

Teniae coli form sacullations of the wall called ____ ____ when continuously contracted.

Answer 46

haustra coli

Question 47

____ plexus can be found between the muscle layers of the cecum and colon

Answer 47

myenteric (Auerbach's)

Question 48

The appendix is a short ____ arising from the cecum

Answer 48

diverticulum

Question 49

The wall of the appendix consists of large aggregates of _____ ____ in the mucosa and submucosa

Answer 49

lymphopid nodules

Question 50

The appendix serves an important function in the _____ _____

Answer 50

immune system

Question 51

The appendix mucosa consists of ____ ____ epithelium with goblet cells. The lamina propria has lymphoid nodules capped by ____ Cells

Answer 51

simple columnar | M

Question 52

The appendix has no ____ and shallow ____. Other cells include goblet, surface columnar, regenerative, some paneth cells, and many _____ cells deep in the crypts

Answer 52

villi crypts enteroendocrine

Question 53

The mucosa between the anal rectal junction changes from ____ in the rectum to mainly _____ proximally to ____ distally in the anus

Answer 53

simple columnar simple cuboidal/stratified squamous non-keratinized stratified squamous keratinized

Question 54

____ disorders can lead to malnutrition and result in wasting disease

Answer 54

malabsorptive

Question 55

Gluten enteropathy (nontropical sprue) is due to destuctive effects of certain glutens on intestinal ____, reducing the surface area available for _____

Answer 55

villi | absorption

Question 56

_____ disease is due to the binding of plant lectins to the glycocalyx

Answer 56

celiac's

Question 57

Idiopathic _____ exhibits as stools with a high fat contect due to malabsorption of digested fats.

Answer 57

steatorreha

Question 58

Malabsorption of vitamin ___ can lead to clotting insufficiency

Answer 58

K

Question 59

Malabsorption of vitamin ___ can cause pernicous anemia. It is due to inadequate production of gastric ____ ____ by the parietal celsl

Answer 59

B12 | intrinsic factor

Question 60

Colorectal cancer usually arises from ____ ____ and may be aysmptomatic for years

Answer 60

adenomatous polyps

Question 61

Colorectal cancer is treated by colon ____. The highest survival rates are found in patients whose tumors do not extend beyond the _____ ____.

Answer 61

resection | muscularis mucousa

Question 62

_____ disease is caused by mutations in 1 of 4 genes that prevents migration and differentiation of neural crest cells into neurons of the _____ nervous system

Answer 62

hirschsprung's | enteric

Question 63

remember appendicitis,hemorrhoids from anatomy

Answer 63

okay