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Histology Test 3 Brendan > Digestive System-upper > Flashcards

Digestive System-upper Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is a layered hollow tube, generally consisting of mucosa, submucosa, ______ ____ and serosa, when continuous with mesentery, and ____ where fixed to the wall of the cavity

A

muscularis externa

adventitia

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2
Q

The esophagus is lined by a stratified squamous ________ epithelium

A

nonkeratinized

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3
Q

The mucosa of the esophagus consists of mucous secreting esophageal ____ glands and esophageal glands _____ in the submucosa. ____ glands are more abundant.

A

cardiac
proper
proper.

The esophageal glands proper are primarily mucous secreting but also have some serous cells.

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4
Q

The muscularis mucosa of the mucosal layer consists of a single ____ layer of ____ muscle

A

longitudal

smooth

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5
Q

In the upper third of the muscalris externa, ____ muscle occurs. In the middle third, both smooth and striated muscle occur. In the distal 3rd, there is _____ muscle

A

skeletal

smooth

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6
Q

The two physiological sphincters of the esophagus are the upper ______ and the _____ located in the lower portion of the esophagus. Both sphincters are found in this layer: __________

A

pharyngeoesophageal
gastroesophageal
muscularis externa

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7
Q

The upper sphincter initiates ___ and the lower esophageal sphincter prevents _____ ___ from stomach to esophagus

A

swallowing

acid reflux

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8
Q

Persistant acid reflux can lead to _____

A

GERD

gastroesphageal reflux disease

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9
Q

Throughout the GI tract, we have the _____ plexus found between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa

A

myenteric (Auerbach’s)

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10
Q

At the gastro-esophageal junction, the epithelium switches from _____ to _____ abruptly

A

stratified squamous

columnar

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11
Q

_____ Esophagus is caused by an abnormal growth of simple columnar cells into the lower esophagus. This causes them to be more easily injured by stomach acid. It is a risk factor for _____ of the esophagus, and is 3x more common in this gender _____

A

Barrett’s
adenocarcinoma
males

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12
Q

If the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm does not close entirely during development, a ____ _____ results. This causes reflux esophagitis and ulceration often, leading to difficulty swallowing and a feeling of a lump in the throat.

A

hiatal hernia

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13
Q

Longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa called rugae are found in the _____ and disappear when distended.

A

stomach

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14
Q

The stomach has numerous gastric pits that are deepest in the _____ and shallowest in the ____

A

pylorus

cardia

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15
Q

Gastric pits produce ____ rich in ____

A

mucous

bicarbonate

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16
Q

The _____ part of the stomach is the primary contributor to gastric juice. It has simple tubular glands, shallow gland pits with abundant ____ and ____ cells

A

fundus
parietal
chief

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17
Q

The ____ part of the stomach consists of tubular glands with a coiled end. These glands are _____ _____

A

cardia

mucous secreting

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18
Q

The ____ part of the stomach consists of deep gastric pits with _____ glands. This part of the stomach also contains ____ secreting G-cells

A

pyloric
branched
gastrin

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19
Q

The gastric mucosa consists of _____ epithelium that are mucous producing. The rest of the mucosa includes the lamina propria, ___ glands, and muscularis mucosae

A

simple columnar

gastric

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20
Q

The muscularis mucosae of the stomach consists of a poorly defined inner ____ layer and an outer ____ layer of smooth muscle

A

circular

longitudinal

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21
Q

The gastric submucosa consists of dense irregular _____ CT with fibroblasts, mast cells, and lymphoid elements. It also contains _____ plexus

A

collagenous

meissner’s

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22
Q

The gastric muscularis externae consits of 3 layers: an incomplete inner ____; a thick middle _____; and an outer ____ layer. The _____ layer forms the pyloric sphincter

A

oblique
circular
longitudinal
middle

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23
Q

Chyme characteristics such as viscosity, pH, lipid content, osmolality, and caloric density influence the stomach _____ _____

A

emptying rate

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24
Q

Gastric _____ covers the external surface of the stomach

A

serosa

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25
Q

The epithelium of the ____ and ____ regions of the stomach consits of mucous secreting surface lining cells

A

body, fundus

26
Q

Gastric glands are _____ tubuluar and consist of an _____ that connects the gland to the base of a gastric pit, a neck, and a ____

A

simple
isthmus
base

27
Q

Gastric glands consist of 5 types of cells:

A 
parietal
chief
mucous neck
enteroendocrine
regenerative
28
Q

regenerative cells are located primarily in the ____ and ____ of gastric glands and replace all other cells in the gland, pit, and luminal surface

A

neck, isthmus

29
Q

The surface lining cells of the stomach consist of simple columnar cells that contain apically located ____ granules. These cells secrete a cloudy, viscous mucous with a high _____ content that protects from acid

A

mucinogen

bicarbonate

30
Q

Mucous neck cells are found in the neck of _____ _____

A

gastric glands

31
Q

Mucous neck cells have short _____, apical mucous granules, and a prominent _____

A

microvilli

golgi

32
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete a solubule mucous upon _____ stimulation that is not as thick as mucous produced by _____ ____ cells

A

vagal

surface lining

33
Q

____ cells are pyramidal shaped cells found in the upper half of gastric glands that stain red-pink with H and E

A

parietal

34
Q

parietal cells secrete _____ and gastric ____ ____ (needed for Vit B12 absorption)

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

35
Q

Parietal cells are an intracellular _______ system, contain many mitochondria, and have secretary intracellular canaliculi that are deep invaginations of the apical plasma membrane lined by ____

A

tubulovesicular

microvilli

36
Q

When stimulated to secrete HCl, the number of microvilli ____ and the complexity of the tubulovesicular system _____ in parietal cells

A

increase

decreases

37
Q

Parietal cell secretion: Histamine binds to histamine __ receptor and increases the effects of ____ and ____ on parietal cell secretion. Histamine is produced by ______-like cells in the lamina propria around gastric glands

A

H2
Acetycholine
gastrin
enterochromaffin

38
Q

Anti-acid drugs like cimetidine _____ histamine-dependent acid secretion. Others such as omeprazole bind to H+, K+-dependent _____ and _____ acid secretion

A

inhibit
ATPase
inactivate

39
Q

Carbon dioxide produced by the blood and parietal cells combines with hydroxyl ions to form _____ ___. This dissociates to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Bicarbonate diffuses out of the cell and is picked up by _____. This affects blood and mucus ____ on the surface

A

carbonic acid
capillaries
pH

40
Q

____ cells are pyramidal shaped cells in the lower half of fundic glands. These stain blue with H and E

A

CHIEF

41
Q

Chief cells secrete _____, ____, and ___ precursors

A

pepsinogen
rennin
lipase

42
Q

Chief cells have abundant basally located rER, a supranuclear _____ and apical secretory granules that release _____

A

GOLGI

zymogens

43
Q

Enteroendocrine cells belong to a population of ______ _____ cells (DINES). They are also called APUD cells or ______ precursor _____ ___ cells, although not all enteroendocrine cells take up these _____ precursor

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine
amine precursor and decarboxylation
amine

44
Q

There are more than a dozen different cell types of _____ cells that contain small hormone-containing granules, although a given cell only secretes one hormone.

A

enteroendocrine

45
Q

Gastric juices are very _____.This facilitates activation of ____ to ____ to catalyze the partial hydrolysis of proteins

A

acidic

pepsinogen, pepsin

46
Q

Gastric secretion is affected by neural (____ nerve) and ____ activity

A

vagal

hormonal

47
Q

_____ is released by cells in the duodenum when ph is less than 4.5. This stimulates pancreatic ___ and fluid secretion, and stimulate chief cells to ____

A

secretin
bicarbonate
secrete pepsinogen

48
Q

_____ is produced by G-cells in the pylorus and duodenal mucosa. It stimulates _____ secretion

A

gastrin

HCl

49
Q

Somatostatin is produced by D cells of the pylorus and _____. It inhibits _____ release and directly inhibits _____ secretion

A

duodenum
gastrin
HCl

50
Q

_____ ____ peptide (urogastrone) is produced by cells in the duodenum and jejunum. It directly inhibits HCl secretion and stimulates ____ release

A

gastric inhibitory

insulin

51
Q

____ is produced in the duodenum and jejunum. It stimulates gall bladder contraction when fat is in the ____ intestine

A

Cholescystekinin (CCK)

small

52
Q

___ is released cyclically during fasting from cells in the upper GI tract. It stimulates _____

A

motilin

motility

53
Q

_____ is gastric mucosal inflammation common in middle aged and older individuals

A

gastritis

54
Q

______ syndrome occurs when patients with gastrin secreting tumors have hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the fundus.____ acid secretion also occurs.

A

Zollinger-ellison

high

55
Q

Gastric and Peptic ulcers are areas of gastric and duodenal mucosa being destroyed by gastric secretions, They commonly occur in ____ and ____ regions and the first part of the duodenum

A

cardiac, pyloric

56
Q

Gastric/Peptic ulcers are caused by excessive ___ secretions, ____ irritation, reduced vascular supply, reduced ____ secretion, infection, and ______ such as aspirin

A

HCl
nervous
mucous
NSAIDS

57
Q

The three phases of H. Pylori Infection are:

A

active
stationary
colonization

58
Q

In the active phase of H. pylori infection, gastric pH is ____ by producing ammonia via _____

A

increased

urease

59
Q

In the ____ phase of H. Pylori infection, bacteria attach to ____ containing receptors on the surface of mucous cells in the pylorus, releasing proteases that kill surface cells

A

stationary

fructose

60
Q

In the ____ phase of H. pylori infection, bacrteria detach and replicate in mucus blanket.

A

colonization

Histology Test 3 Brendan (9 decks)

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