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Histology Test 3 Brendan > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the liver? (6 listed)

A 
gluconeogensis
detoxification
storage 
produce plasma proteins (endocrine secretions)
production of bile (exocrine secretion)
transfer of IgA into bile canaliculi
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2
Q

Liver receives blood from the _____ ____ (20-30%) and the ___ ___ (70-80%).

A

hepatic artery

portal vein

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3
Q

blood leaves the liver via a ___ ____

A

central vein

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4
Q

a fibroconnective tissue capsule subdivides the liver into ___ and ____

A

lobes, lobules

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5
Q

the liver is composed of parenchymal cells called ____ that are arranged in anastamosing and branching plates. They are ____-shaped cells

A

hepatocytes

hexagon

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6
Q

Hepatocytes have abundant ____, ____ ____, ____ and mitochondria, glycogen deposits, and lipid droplets

A

rER, smooth ER, peroxisomes, lysosomes

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7
Q

The classic liver lobule is a ____ arrangement of hepatocyte plates aroiund a central ____

A

hexagonal

vein

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8
Q

Liver cells can/cannot divide if part of the liver is removed

A

can

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9
Q

around the periphery of each liver louble are several _____ ____ called portal triads

A

portal canals

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10
Q

a portal canal consistsof branches of the ___ ____, ___ ____, and a ____ ____

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

lymph vessels may also be present

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11
Q

blood from vessels in the portal areas flow into _____ _____ and empties into the central vein

A

liver sinusoids

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12
Q

Liver ___ are discontinuous endothelial lined spaces located in-between plates of hepatocytes.

A

sinusoids

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13
Q

liver sinusoid endothelial cells have large _____

A

fenestrations

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14
Q

Sinusoids contain many ____ cells that are phagocytic cells in the monocyte lineage

A

kupffer

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15
Q

between the hepatocytes and sinusoid epithelium is a subendothelial space called the space of ____

A

disse

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16
Q

The classic liver lobule defines flow of ___ while the portal lobule defines flow of ____

A

blood

bile

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17
Q

The portal lobule is centered on a portal area is defined by 3 adjacent ___ ____. The triangular area defines the flow of ____

A

central veins

bile (into the bile duct)

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18
Q

The hepatic accinus of Rappaport (liver acinus) defines the ____ _____

A

metabolic gradient

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19
Q

the liver acinus is centered on the portal area but is defined by 2 adjacent ____ ____

A

central veins

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20
Q

Zone 1 of the liver acinus consists of _____ functions (Cholesterol synthesis, gluconeogenis). it is a high ___ area

A

oxidative

O2

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21
Q

Zone 2 of the liver acinus is an ____ region

A

intermediate

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22
Q

Zone 3 of the liver acinus is a low ____ area. Hepatocytes in this area have a role in _____ and are succeptible to hypoxia

A

O2

detoxification

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23
Q

The space of disse functions to exchange material between the ____ and ____

A

bloodstream

hepatocytes

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24
Q

The space of disse has reticular fibers and may also have fat storing cells called ____ ____ cells(Cells of Ito). These are important for Vitamin _ storage and metabolism

A

hepatic stellate

A

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25
Q

Hepatic stellate cells produce ____ during disease such as cirhossis in response to cytokines from the ____ cells

A

collagen

kupffer

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26
Q

The hepatocyte surface in the space of disse region has many _____

A

microvilli

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27
Q

The space of disse is located underneath ____ ____ and is where exchange of blood takes place

A

fenestrated epithelium

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28
Q

Bile flows in the ____ direction of blood

A

opposite

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29
Q

bile is an ____ secretion from the hepatocytes and is secreted into bile _____ which are intracellular spaces between the hepatocytes

A

exocrine

canaliculi

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30
Q

bile flows to canals of hering that are small ____ ____ at the edge of liver lobules and then into bile ducts located in the ____ ___

A

bile ductules

portal areas

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31
Q

Bile ducts merge into ____ ____

A

hepatic ducts

32
Q

The common hepatic duct leads to the ____ ___ on the gallbladder neck

A

cystic duct

33
Q

Bile canuliculi contain a lot of ____

A

ATPase

34
Q

The main bile function is excretion of _____, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated ____ and electrolytes

A

cholesterol, bilirubin

35
Q

Bile acids reabsorb in the ____. Veinous blood from here goes to the portal vein and then to ____, where hepatocytes extract bile acids from the blood.

A

illeum

sinusoids

36
Q

Bile acids are transported across ____ from sinusoids and are resecreted into ____

A

hepatocytes

canaliculi

37
Q

Most IgA is made by plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa and eventually goes to the ____

A

liver

38
Q

Hepatocytes complex ___ with secretory component and release it into the bile

A

IgA

39
Q

Bile components are transported into canaliculis via an ____ dependent pump in the plasma membrane

A

ATP

40
Q

Bile canaliculi contain ____ ____ transporters that just pump cancer drugs out with ATPase

A

multi-drug

41
Q

Splenic macrophages remove senescent RBC’s. Heme is converted to ____ and released into blood where it is conjugated with _____.

A

bilirubin

albumin

42
Q

Lipid soluble bilirubin enters a hepatocyte, is complexed to ligandin and is the released as ____ bilirubin into the cytosol. Glucouronic acid is added to this to form ____ bilirubin, which is secreted into bile

A

free

conjugated

43
Q

Hepatitis is ____ of the liver. A=_____, via a fecal or oral route. B=_____ via blood and blood products. C=transfusion related and can cause ______ carcinoma

A

inflammation
infectous
serum related
hepatocellular

44
Q

_____ is degeneration and fibrosis of damaged hepatocytes. Long-term ETOH consumption is one cause. It is often accompanied by ___ deposits.

A

cirrhosis

lipid

45
Q

____ is due to excessive bilirubin in blood. Bile pigment will be seen in the skin and sclera of the eye. It is due to liver dysfunction, obstructed ____ passages, or excessive ____ destruction

A

jaundice
bile
RBC

46
Q

Congestive heart failure causes increased central venous pressure and can cause the liver to _____ with _____.

A

engorge, blood

47
Q

____ ____ is due to obstructed blood flow and is often associated with cirrhosis. It leads to ascites

A

Portal hypertension

48
Q

Free ____ is toxic to the brain. Hemolytic diseases such as erythroblastosis _____ can result in ____

A

bilirubin

fetalis, hyperbilirubinemia

49
Q

Alcohol is metabolized via _____ ____. This proudces excess H+ and _____ which is toxic to the liver due to production of reactive oxygen species

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

acetaldehyde

50
Q

Chronic liver disease causes proinflammatory ____ to be released from kupffer cells. Thiese induce the hepatic stellate cell to produce ____ which causes _____

A

cytokines
collagen
fibrosis

51
Q

During liver cirhossis, stellate cells transform to _____ and produce collagen

A

myofibroblasts

52
Q

The gallbladder stores bile and releases it to duodenum in response to _____

A

cholecystokinin

53
Q

The gall bladder mucosa is lined by ____ ____ epithelium with numerous microvilli on the apical surface.

A

simple columnar

54
Q

the key feature of the gallbladder is the _____ of the epithelium. These are outpockings that form what appear to be epithelial lined ____ in the lamina propria (aka rokitansky-aschoff sinuses)

A

diverticula

cysts

55
Q

The gall bladder is attached to the liver via ____, but is covered by ____ for most of the organ

A

adventitia

serosa

56
Q

The gallbladder does not contain any _____

A

glands

57
Q

Gallstones are usually of _____ crystals and can be found in the gallbladder and bile duct

A

cholesterol

58
Q

The ____ is both an exocrine and endocrine organ

A

pancreas

59
Q

The ____ portion of the pancrease is the islets of langerhans, made of several different cell types

A

endocrine

60
Q

Alpha cells produce ______

A

glucagon (Elevates blood glucose)

61
Q

____ cells produce somatostatin that inhibits hormonal release by neighboring secretory cells

A

delta

62
Q

____ cells produce ghrelin which stimulates appetite

A

epsilon

63
Q

Beta cells produce _____

A

insulin (decreases blood glucose)

64
Q

Pancreas cell types can be distinguished by the ______ stain

A

mallory-azan

65
Q

PP (F) cells produce _____ ____ that inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions

A

pancreatic polypeptide

66
Q

Endocrine cells are surrounded by a reticular fiber network and are located among the _____ of exocrine pancrease

A

acini

67
Q

The exocrine pancreas secretes ____, ____, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease in response to _____ from intestinal enteroendocrine cells

A

lipase, amylase

cholecystokonin

68
Q

The exocrine pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase enzymes in _____ form, which must be activated in the intestine

A

proenzyme

69
Q

intercalated duct cells secrete large quantities of enzyme poor ____ fluid (bicarbonate) in response to _____ produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells

A

alkaline

secretin

70
Q

What is the pathway of fluid drainage to the main pancreatic duct? acinar cells–>_______ (centroacinar cells)–>_________ (cuboidal epithelium)–>__________ (hella connective tissue)–>main pancreatic duct

A

intercalated ducts
intralobular duts
interlobular ducts

71
Q

The alkaline fluid produced by intercalated ducts keeps pancreatic enzymes _____

A

inactive

72
Q

Type _ diabetes is insulin dependent and is usually sudden onset before 20 years old. Low levels of plasma insulin are seen, characterized by ____ (Excessive thirst), ____ (excessive urination), and ____ (insatiable hunger)

A

1
polydispia
polyuria
polyphagia

73
Q

Type __ diabetes is non-insulin dependent and is usually in overweight individuals over age 40. Insulin levels may be normal, or there may be impaired insulin release or decreased ____ _____

A

2

insulin receptors

74
Q

____ insulin resistance is a significant component to insulin resistance diabetes

A

muscle

75
Q

____ insulin resistance can be due to faulty signalling through docking molecules, which are proteins that connect insulin receptor activity to downstream kinase cascades

A

hepatic

76
Q

in acute ____ pancreatitis, ____ may be activated, leading to digestion of pancreatic tissue

A

necrotizing

proenzymes

Histology Test 3 Brendan (9 decks)

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