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Histology Test 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consists of?

A

Paired Kidneys and ureters and unpaired bladder and urethra.

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2
Q

Main function of urinary system?

A

Produce and excrete urine (filters approximately 150 quarts of blood plasma/day. Regulate electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid. Makes renin for blood pressure regulation.

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3
Q

Which cells synthesize renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)

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4
Q

What does renin convert?

A

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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5
Q

What is the endocrine function of the urinary system?

A

Peritubular capillary endothelial cells and interstitial cells of cortex and medulla synthesize erythropoietin.

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6
Q

How many layers of connective tissue are in the kidney?

A

2: Inner layer of myofibroblasts and dense irregular CT

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7
Q

Which receives more of the blood? Cortex or Medulla?

A

Cortex gets 90% of the blood.

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8
Q

Functional unit of the kidney is?

A

Nephron or Nephron + collecting tubule = uniferous tubule

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9
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

2 million

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10
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

Concave region where renal pelvis is located that contains arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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11
Q

What’s a renal column?

A

Extensions of cortical tissue - run between adjacent renal pyramids.

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12
Q

What’s a medullary ray?

A

Group of straight tubules - extend from the base of each renal pyramid into the cortex.

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13
Q

Tip of the renal papilla that projects into the minor calyx lumen?

A

Area cribrosa

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14
Q

What travel along the blood vessels supply the loops of Henle?

A

Pericytes

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15
Q

Where are interstitial cells found?

A

Between loops of Henle and collecting ducts and vasa recta

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16
Q

What’s something that interstitial cells synthesize?

A

Medullipin 1: converted in liver to medullipin 2 which is a vasodilator.

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17
Q

What is significant about the interlobular artery?

A

They are found on either side of an area of cortex.

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18
Q

What makes up a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

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19
Q

Cortical nephrons are what?

A

In outer part of cortex. They have short loops of henle.

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20
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons have what length of henle loops?

A

Long loops that run in association with vasa recta into medulla.

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21
Q

The cortex contains what parts of the urinary tubule stuff?

A

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.

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22
Q

Medulla is divided into what?

A

Inner and outer zones

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23
Q

Outer medulla divided into?

A

Inner and outer stripe.

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24
Q

What characteristic is used to define the outer stripe?

A

The lack of thin limbs.

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25
Inner stripe characteristics?
Thin limb and hairpin turn.
26
Bloodflow of the kidney?
Renal artery-> Interlobar artery -> Arcuate artery -> Interlobular artery -> afferent artery -> glomerulus -> efferent artery
27
What do afferent glomerular arterioles supply?
Glomerular capillaries.
28
Efferent arterioles are associated with what parts of the kidney?
Associated with cortical and midcortical nephrons. They Leave glomerulus and give rise to extensive peritubular capillary network high in the cortex and vasa recta near the cortico medullary junction.
29
What do the vasa recta arise from?
From the afferent arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons
30
What is the path the vasa recta take?
They go straight into the medulla where they form capillaries and then loop back and increase in diameter toward the cortico medullary boundary.
31
Stellate veins are what?
Veins formed by convergence of superficial cortical veins which drain the outer cortex layers.
32
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
33
What is the visceral layer of the bowman's capsule composed of?
Podocytes that cover glomerular capillaries
34
Where is the bowman's space?
Area between the visceral and parietal layers
35
What comes through the vascular pole?
Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus.
36
What comes through urinary pole?
Where urinary space becomes continuous with proximal convoluted tubule lumen.
37
What is the capillary tuft?
Part of the renal glomerulus that extends into Bowman's capsule.
38
What kind of endothelium are capillaries lined by in the renal glomerulus?
Fenestrated endothelium.
39
What is the interstitial tissue located between glomerular capillaries composed of?
Mesangial cells and an amorphous extracellular matrix.
40
What do mesangial cells function to do?
1) mechanical support for capillaries 2) turnover of glomerular basement membrane material 3) regulate blood flow 4) source of prostaglandins and endothelins 5) respond to angiotensin 2 and atrial natriretic peptide
41
What is a pedicel?
they form visceral layer of Bowman's capsule. Their sialoglycoprotein contributes to negative charge in glomerular epithelium.
42
Protein nephrin is where and does what?
It's anchored to actin filaments in the pedicels and makes up the filtration slits.
43
What are three characteristic feature of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Microvillus brush border, pinocytotic vesicles, and abundant lysosomes.
44
Main function of PCT?
Reabsorb all glucose, amino acids, small proteins, and 80% of NaCl/water from filtrate.
45
Characteristics of descending thick limb of henle?
Simple cuboidal epithelium, fewer lysosymes, smaller mitochondria, and a prominent brush border.
46
What type of cells make up the thin loop of henle?
Simple squamous epithelial cells.
47
Is the descending thin limb permeable to water?
Yes
48
Is the ascending limb impermeable to water?
No
49
What is continuous with the macula densa?
The distal convoluted tubule.
50
What are the characteristics of the DCT?
Cells shorter and has a wider lumen than the PCT and lacks a brush border.
51
What changes are macula densa cells senstitive to?
Changes in NaCl concentration.
52
What innervates JG cells?
Sympathetic innervation
53
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells to resorb NA and water.
54
Steps to get aldosterone?
Renin makes angiotensinogen in plasma to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2 in lung capillaries. Angiotensin 2 stimulates release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex.
55
A decrease in NaCl would cause what change to happen to renin?
It would be secreted.
56
What are the 5 regions of the collecting duct?
1) Connecting tubule 2) Cortical collecting duct 3) Outer medullary colelcting duct 4) Inner medullary collecting duct 5) Papillary duct (Duct of Bellini)
57
What types of cuboidal cells are located in cortical collecting tubules?
2 types: Principal and Intercalated
58
What do principal cells of cortical collecting tubules do?
Mechanosensor, removes Na+ ions from the filtrate and secretes K+ ions into it.
59
What do intercalated cells of cortical collecting tubules do?
Removes K+ from filtrate and secretes H+ into it.
60
Anti-Glomecular basement membrane antibodies are against what?
type 4 collagen.
61
What are struvite stones?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
62
Difference between upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of ureter?
Upper 2/3 has inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle layer. Lower 1/3 has additional outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
63
What are the layers of epithelium for the urinary bladder?
Basal layer, a 2-3 cell deep intermediate layer, and a superficial layer (umbrella cells)
64
What does a relaxed bladder look like?
Rounded cells with scalloped contour. The umbrella cells contain unique plaques and flattened elliptical vesicles in their cytoplasm.
65
What does a distended bladder look like?
The superficial layer looks squamous and the # of cell layers is reduced due to the insertion of elliptical vesicles into the plasma membrane of the surface cells.
66
What are the glands of Littre?
Mucous secreting glands in the penile urethra.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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