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Histology Test 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consists of?

A

Paired Kidneys and ureters and unpaired bladder and urethra.

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2
Q

Main function of urinary system?

A

Produce and excrete urine (filters approximately 150 quarts of blood plasma/day. Regulate electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid. Makes renin for blood pressure regulation.

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3
Q

Which cells synthesize renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)

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4
Q

What does renin convert?

A

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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5
Q

What is the endocrine function of the urinary system?

A

Peritubular capillary endothelial cells and interstitial cells of cortex and medulla synthesize erythropoietin.

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6
Q

How many layers of connective tissue are in the kidney?

A

2: Inner layer of myofibroblasts and dense irregular CT

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7
Q

Which receives more of the blood? Cortex or Medulla?

A

Cortex gets 90% of the blood.

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8
Q

Functional unit of the kidney is?

A

Nephron or Nephron + collecting tubule = uniferous tubule

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9
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

2 million

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10
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

Concave region where renal pelvis is located that contains arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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11
Q

What’s a renal column?

A

Extensions of cortical tissue - run between adjacent renal pyramids.

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12
Q

What’s a medullary ray?

A

Group of straight tubules - extend from the base of each renal pyramid into the cortex.

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13
Q

Tip of the renal papilla that projects into the minor calyx lumen?

A

Area cribrosa

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14
Q

What travel along the blood vessels supply the loops of Henle?

A

Pericytes

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15
Q

Where are interstitial cells found?

A

Between loops of Henle and collecting ducts and vasa recta

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16
Q

What’s something that interstitial cells synthesize?

A

Medullipin 1: converted in liver to medullipin 2 which is a vasodilator.

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17
Q

What is significant about the interlobular artery?

A

They are found on either side of an area of cortex.

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18
Q

What makes up a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

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19
Q

Cortical nephrons are what?

A

In outer part of cortex. They have short loops of henle.

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20
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons have what length of henle loops?

A

Long loops that run in association with vasa recta into medulla.

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21
Q

The cortex contains what parts of the urinary tubule stuff?

A

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.

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22
Q

Medulla is divided into what?

A

Inner and outer zones

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23
Q

Outer medulla divided into?

A

Inner and outer stripe.

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24
Q

What characteristic is used to define the outer stripe?

A

The lack of thin limbs.

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25
Q

Inner stripe characteristics?

A

Thin limb and hairpin turn.

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26
Q

Bloodflow of the kidney?

A

Renal artery-> Interlobar artery -> Arcuate artery -> Interlobular artery -> afferent artery -> glomerulus -> efferent artery

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27
Q

What do afferent glomerular arterioles supply?

A

Glomerular capillaries.

28
Q

Efferent arterioles are associated with what parts of the kidney?

A

Associated with cortical and midcortical nephrons. They Leave glomerulus and give rise to extensive peritubular capillary network high in the cortex and vasa recta near the cortico medullary junction.

29
Q

What do the vasa recta arise from?

A

From the afferent arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons

30
Q

What is the path the vasa recta take?

A

They go straight into the medulla where they form capillaries and then loop back and increase in diameter toward the cortico medullary boundary.

31
Q

Stellate veins are what?

A

Veins formed by convergence of superficial cortical veins which drain the outer cortex layers.

32
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

33
Q

What is the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule composed of?

A

Podocytes that cover glomerular capillaries

34
Q

Where is the bowman’s space?

A

Area between the visceral and parietal layers

35
Q

What comes through the vascular pole?

A

Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus.

36
Q

What comes through urinary pole?

A

Where urinary space becomes continuous with proximal convoluted tubule lumen.

37
Q

What is the capillary tuft?

A

Part of the renal glomerulus that extends into Bowman’s capsule.

38
Q

What kind of endothelium are capillaries lined by in the renal glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated endothelium.

39
Q

What is the interstitial tissue located between glomerular capillaries composed of?

A

Mesangial cells and an amorphous extracellular matrix.

40
Q

What do mesangial cells function to do?

A

1) mechanical support for capillaries 2) turnover of glomerular basement membrane material 3) regulate blood flow 4) source of prostaglandins and endothelins 5) respond to angiotensin 2 and atrial natriretic peptide

41
Q

What is a pedicel?

A

they form visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule. Their sialoglycoprotein contributes to negative charge in glomerular epithelium.

42
Q

Protein nephrin is where and does what?

A

It’s anchored to actin filaments in the pedicels and makes up the filtration slits.

43
Q

What are three characteristic feature of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Microvillus brush border, pinocytotic vesicles, and abundant lysosomes.

44
Q

Main function of PCT?

A

Reabsorb all glucose, amino acids, small proteins, and 80% of NaCl/water from filtrate.

45
Q

Characteristics of descending thick limb of henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium, fewer lysosymes, smaller mitochondria, and a prominent brush border.

46
Q

What type of cells make up the thin loop of henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

47
Q

Is the descending thin limb permeable to water?

A

Yes

48
Q

Is the ascending limb impermeable to water?

A

No

49
Q

What is continuous with the macula densa?

A

The distal convoluted tubule.

50
Q

What are the characteristics of the DCT?

A

Cells shorter and has a wider lumen than the PCT and lacks a brush border.

51
Q

What changes are macula densa cells senstitive to?

A

Changes in NaCl concentration.

52
Q

What innervates JG cells?

A

Sympathetic innervation

53
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells to resorb NA and water.

54
Q

Steps to get aldosterone?

A

Renin makes angiotensinogen in plasma to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2 in lung capillaries. Angiotensin 2 stimulates release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex.

55
Q

A decrease in NaCl would cause what change to happen to renin?

A

It would be secreted.

56
Q

What are the 5 regions of the collecting duct?

A

1) Connecting tubule
2) Cortical collecting duct
3) Outer medullary colelcting duct
4) Inner medullary collecting duct
5) Papillary duct (Duct of Bellini)

57
Q

What types of cuboidal cells are located in cortical collecting tubules?

A

2 types: Principal and Intercalated

58
Q

What do principal cells of cortical collecting tubules do?

A

Mechanosensor, removes Na+ ions from the filtrate and secretes K+ ions into it.

59
Q

What do intercalated cells of cortical collecting tubules do?

A

Removes K+ from filtrate and secretes H+ into it.

60
Q

Anti-Glomecular basement membrane antibodies are against what?

A

type 4 collagen.

61
Q

What are struvite stones?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

62
Q

Difference between upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of ureter?

A

Upper 2/3 has inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle layer. Lower 1/3 has additional outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

63
Q

What are the layers of epithelium for the urinary bladder?

A

Basal layer, a 2-3 cell deep intermediate layer, and a superficial layer (umbrella cells)

64
Q

What does a relaxed bladder look like?

A

Rounded cells with scalloped contour. The umbrella cells contain unique plaques and flattened elliptical vesicles in their cytoplasm.

65
Q

What does a distended bladder look like?

A

The superficial layer looks squamous and the # of cell layers is reduced due to the insertion of elliptical vesicles into the plasma membrane of the surface cells.

66
Q

What are the glands of Littre?

A

Mucous secreting glands in the penile urethra.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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