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Histology Test 3 > Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system includes…

A

Oral Cavity and Alimentary Canal (Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Extrinsic Glands)

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2
Q

Layers in the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa

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3
Q

The esophagus is lined with what kind of cells?

A

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

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4
Q

Glands in the lamina propria of the esophagus? They secrete what?

A

Esophageal Cardiac Glands – Mucus

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5
Q

Name of glands of the submucosa of the esophagus? They secrete what?

A

Esophageal Glands Proper – Mucus with a little bit of lysozyme secreting serous cells

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6
Q

Muscle types of the esophagus?

A

Striated in top 1/3. Smooth in bottom 1/3. Both in the middle.

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7
Q

Alternative name of recently swallowed food

A

Bolus

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8
Q

Name the two sphincters of the esophagus and their location.

A

Pharyngoesophageal (upper) and Gastroesophageal (lower) sphincters make sure bolus moves in only one direction.

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9
Q

Purpose of Pharyngeoesophageal Sphincter?

A

Initiates Swallowing

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10
Q

Purpose of gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

Prevents acid reflux from the stomach.

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11
Q

Persistent acid reflux can lead to…

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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12
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Abnormal growth of simple columnar intestinal cells in the lower esophagus. Can be injured by stomach acid and increase cancer risk.

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13
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Esophageal hiatus does not close entirely resulting in portions of the stomach moving into the thoracic cavity.

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14
Q

Why have a stomach anyway?

A

Acidifies and converts food into chyme. Produces enzymes and hormones.

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15
Q

Name of longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa?

A

Rugae

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16
Q

Describe the glands of the cardia region.

A

Tubular with a coiled end. Make mucus.

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17
Q

Describe the glands of the fundus.

A

Simple tubular glands. Shallow gastric gland pits.

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18
Q

Describe the glands of the pylorus.

A

Deep gastric pits with branched glands. Primarily mucus with occasional parietal cells. Also G cells around.

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19
Q

The lining of the stomach is comprised of…

A

mucus producing simple columnar cells

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20
Q

Describe the muscle layers of the stomach.

A

Incomplete inner oblique, thick middle circular, outer longitudinal

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21
Q

Meissner’s plexus can be found in which layer?

A

Gastric Submucosa.

22
Q

What covers the outer surface of the stomach?

A

Gastric serosa.

23
Q

What chyme characteristics will influence stomach emptying rate?

A

Viscosity, pH, lipid content, osmolarity, caloric density

24
Q

What are the components of a gastric gland?

A

Simple tubular glands with an isthmus connecting the gland to the bast and neck of a gastric pit.

25
Q

Types of cells in a gastric pit?

A

Parietal, chief, mucous neck, enteroendocrine, regenerative

26
Q

Surface cells secrete what?

A

Thick mucous with a high bicarbonate content.

27
Q

Describe mucous neck cell structure.

A

Short microvilli, apical mucous granules, priminent golgi

28
Q

Pariatal cells stain what color?

A

Red/pink with H&E

29
Q

What purpose to parietal cells serve?

A

Secrete HCl and Gastric Intrinsic Factor

30
Q

What does gastric intrinsic factor do?

A

aids Vitamin B12 absorption in SI

31
Q

Describe the cellular structure of parietal cells.

A

Intracellular tubovesicular system, many mitochondria, secretory intracellular cannaliculi.

32
Q

What can increase the effects of acetylcholine and gastrin on parietal activity?

A

Histamine activating histamine H2 receptor

33
Q

What glands in the digestive tract produce histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells in lamina propria around gastric glands

34
Q

Two ways to drug acid secretion?

A
  1. Inhibit histamine-dependent acid secretion (Cimetidine)

2. Bind to the H+, K+ dependent ATPase to inactivate acid secretion (Omeprazole)

35
Q

Parietal cells release bicarbonate, which can cause…

A

variations in blood and mucous pH

36
Q

How do chief cells stain?

A

Blue with H&E

37
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen, Rennin, and Lipase precursors

38
Q

Describe the cellular structure of a chief cell

A

Abundant basally located RER, Supranuclear golgi, apical secretory granules

39
Q

How many hormones might a given enteroendocrine cell secrete?

A

One

40
Q

Other names for enteroendocrine cells?

A

DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine cells), APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells)

41
Q

pH at which pepsin is activated?

A

2.0

42
Q

Where is secretin from? What does it do?

A

Secretin is from cells of the duodenum. Stimulates pancreatic HCO3 and pepsinogen release.

43
Q

Where is gastrin from? What does it do?

A

G cells in the duodenum and the pylorus. Stimulates HCl secretion.

44
Q

Where is somatostatin from? What does it do?

A

D cells of the pylorus and duodenum. Inhibits Gastrin.

45
Q

Where is Gastric Inhibitory Peptide from? What does it do?

A

Duodenum and Jejunum. Inhibits HCl secretion and promotes Insulin release.

46
Q

Where is Cholecystekinin from? What does it do?

A

From Duodenum and Jejunum. Stimulates gall bladder contraction when a lot of fat is in the SI.

47
Q

Where is Motilin from? What does it do?

A

Released cyclically during fasting from cells of the upper GI.

48
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Gastric mucosal inflammation. May be superficial or entire length.

49
Q

What is Zolinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Gastrin-secreting tumors causing high acid levels, ulcers, diarrhea.

50
Q

What are gastric/peptic ulcers?

A

Areas of the mucosa destroyed by gastric secretions commonly in cardiac, pyloric regions or duodenum.

51
Q

Causes of ulcers?

A

Too much HCl secretion, nervous irritation, H. pylori infection, NSAIDS

52
Q

What are the phases of an H. pylori infection?

A

Active Phase – increasing the gastric pH by ammonia production

Stationary Phase – Attach to fucose receptors on the mucus cells. Release proteases that kill surface cells.

Colonization Phase – Bacteria detach and reproduce in mucus blanket.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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