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Histology Test 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of ovaries?

A

Steroidogenesis (estrogen and progesterone) and gametogenesis (eggs and such.)

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2
Q

The capsul of the ovary is named the ________. What type of tissue is it comprised of?

A

Tunica Albuginea. Dense irregular connective tissue.

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3
Q

Overies are covered by ______ epithelium.

A

Germinal (some kind of simple cuboidal/squamous??)

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4
Q

The ovary is divided into two poorly defined sections. Name them. NOW!

A

Cortex and Medulla

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5
Q

Which of the two parts of the ovary contains ovarian follicles?

A

Cortex

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6
Q

What the fuck is in an ovarian medulla anyway?

A

Large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves in loose connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the three types of ovarian follicles?

A

Primordial, Growing, and Graafian

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8
Q

Describe a primary oocyte (primordial follicle)

A

Covered by a single layer of squamous follicular cells

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9
Q

What part of meiosis are ovaries frozen into during fetal life?

A

Prophase of Meiosis I

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10
Q

Type of connections that may develop between follicular cells.

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

Name of the amorphous layer surrounding an oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

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12
Q

What is a zona pellucida made of?

A

3 glycoproteins (PAS+) produced by the oocyte with a basal lamina.

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13
Q

Describe an early primary follicle. Where does it come from?

A

Single layer of cuboidal follicular cells. From primordial follicles.

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14
Q

Describe a late primary follicle. Where does it come from?

A

Several layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells). From the early primary follicle.

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15
Q

Stromal cells of the late primary follicle form the _________>

A

theca interna and theca externa (inner cellular cuboidal layer and outer fibrous layer).

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16
Q

Follicles become secondary when….

A

fluid (liquor foliculi) accumulates in intercellular spaces btw granulosa cells.

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17
Q

Fluid filled spaces combine to form the ______

A

Antrum

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18
Q

FSH stimulates….

A

Conversion of androgens into estrogens and production of LH Receptors (by granulosa cells)

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19
Q

_______ from oocytes and ______ from granulosa cells extend into the zona pellucida

A

Microvili. Narrow processes.

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20
Q

What junctions do granulosa cells utilize to contact one another and the oocyte plasma membrane?

A

Gap Junctions

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21
Q

The graafian follicle will eventually_______

A

Ovulate

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22
Q

Describe a graafian follicle.

A

Acentrically positioned oocyte located on a small mound of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that projects into the antrum.

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23
Q

Theca interna cells make _________

A

Androgens (that granulosa cells will eventually turn into estrogens)

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24
Q

Which theca has muscle cells?

A

externa

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25
Primary oocyte finishes first meiotic division before ovulation....now it is a
seconary oocyte and first polar body
26
What cell cycle stage do eggs get stuck in till fertilization
Metaphase II
27
What gets eggs past metaphase II
Acrosomal enzymes (from sperm)
28
The zona pellucida sticks around until....
Acrosomal enzymes break it the fuck down
29
How does zona pellucida breakdown influence fertility?
NO MORE SPERM BINDING! IT IS FORBIDDEN
30
What hormone triggers ovulation?
LH
31
The corpus luteum is made of _______ cells
Granulosa lutein and theca lutein
32
Granulosa lutein cells manufacture....
Progesterone and Estradiol
33
Describe granulosa lutein cells.
Large and pale. Lots o' sER, rER, mitochondria, golgi, and lipid
34
Theca lutein cells manufacture...
Androgens and a little bit of estrogen and progesterone.
35
What is a corpus albicans?
A small scar formed from the corpus luteum remnants
36
What are atretic follicles? When are they typically found?
Follices undergoing degeneration after Graafian follicle ovulates.
37
Degenerating follicles often showing pyknotic changes are called...
Atretic follices
38
Three layers of oviducts?
Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
39
Four regions of the oviducts?
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural portion
40
Where are longitudinal folds located? How do they change along the tube?
In the mucosa. Less as you approach the uterus.
41
The fallopian tubes have a _________ epithelium. It includes the following cell types....
simple columnar. peg and ciliated.
42
What do peg cells do?
Make a nutrient rich secretion for spermatozoa and preimplantation embryo.
43
Why care about ciliated cells?
The have cilia (SHOCKING!) that beat toward the uterus to suck the embryo down the tube.
44
Describe the fallopian tube lamina propria.
Loose CT. Reticular Fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphoid cells.
45
T or F. The fallopian tubes have a well defined muscular layer.
F. Its poorly defined.
46
Serosa is made of ______ epithelium.
Simple squamous (over a CT layer)
47
Name three regions of a uterus.
Fundus, Body (corpus), and Cervix
48
Name three layers of the uterine wall.
Endometrium, Myometrium, and Adventitia
49
Distinguish serosa and adventitia.
The layer is serosa within the peritoneal cavity and adventitia when present along the uterine retroperitoneal surface.
50
Endometrium is lined with ______ epithelial cells.
Simple columnar
51
Who is hanging out just under the endometrial epithelium?
Reticular fibers, stellate-shaped cells, secretory mucus cells, macrophages and leukocytes.
52
What two layers comprise the endometrium?
Functional Layer and Basal Layer
53
So.....tell me about the functional layer.
Thick endometrial surface layer. Sloughed off in menstration and regrown.
54
I guess you should tell me about the basal layer too...
Preserved in menstration. Has the endometrial glands and basal cells that allow reepithelialization.
55
What two types of arteries live in the endometrium?
Coiled arteries and straight arteries.
56
Difference between coiled and straight arteries (other than one being coiled while the other is straight...)
Coiled go into the functional layer and change around with the cycle. Straight arteries stay safe in the basal layer.
57
What type of muscle is the uterus myometrium?
Smooth
58
What are the three muscular layers of the myometrium? Who is really vascularized?
Inner and outer longitudinal and a thick midle circular layer. Circular gets the stratum vasculare (i.e. will receive lots o blood)
59
Near the end of pregnancy, smooth muscle cells of the uterus will develop lots of...
gap junctions to coordinate contraction
60
Who triggers uterine contractions?
Oxytocin and Prostaglandins
61
Phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, Secretory Phase
62
What happens in the menstrual phase?
Day 1-4. Hemorrhagic discharge enters the uterus lumen due to contraction/relaxation of the coiled arteries (because of estrogen and prog.)
63
How does the whole coiled arteries causing menstruation thing actually work?
Prolonged vasoconstriction causes schemia. Sudden and intermittent vasodilation ruptures the walls, floods the stroma, and detaches the epithelium.
64
Why don't women accidentally menstruate out their basal layer?
Because thats supplied by straight arteries, not the coiled arteries.
65
Whats a uterus up to during the proliferative phase?
From day 4-14, the uterus is growing itself a new functional layer. It grows new epithelial lining, stromal cells, coiled arteries, and such.
66
How far into the functional layer do coiled arteries go?
2/3
67
What is the uterus up to during secretory phase?
From day 15-28, the endometrium is thickening up due to fluid buildup and endometrial gland secretions
68
In the secretory phase, glands ________ and lumens contain ___________.
Become coiled. secretory glycoprotein material.
69
During what phase of menstruation does glycogen accumulation occur?
Secretory phase.
70
What is the cervix up to in the proliferative phase?
watery mucous secretions to help sperm in
71
How do cervical secretions change after ovulation?
Becomes more viscous to stop the spread of bacteria. It also gets rid of seminal plasma
72
What are cervixes made of?
Dense collagenous CT with elastic fibers and some smooth muscle
73
Cervix is mostly ________ epithelium. On the vaginal side it turns...
Simple columnar. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized.
74
When does the cervix help stop sperm entry?
Pregnancy
75
What hormone does the body use to loosen the cervix up for delivering a baby?
Relaxin
76
Three layers of the vagina. Name them.
Inner mucosa, middle mucosa, and external adventitia.
77
What type of muscle surrounds the vaginal orifice?
Skeletal
78
So...why might some vaginal bacteria be worth having around?
Vaginal bacteria use GLYCOGEN from the MUCOSA to make lactic acid. The acidic status helps keep other bacteria out.
79
What comprises the lamina propria of the vagina?
Fibroelastic CT tissue thats highly vascular in the deep portion.
80
Describe the muscularis layer of the vagina.
Irregularly arranged smooth muscle layers with elastic fibers.
81
Whats so great about the adventitia of the vagina?
It fixes the vagina to the surrounding structures and houses the external genetalia glands.
82
What type of tissue makes up the adventitia of the vagina?
Fibroelastic CT
83
What are mammary glands made of?
About 2 dozen compound tubuloalveolar glands (1 lactiferous sinus and duct to the nipple each)
84
When do guys normally have equivalent mammary glands till?
Puberty
85
Hormonal changes in women cause... (in regard to breasts)
Increase in adipose tissue, lobule and terminal ductule development.
86
Describe the mammary glands of an adult, non-pregnant female.
Resting Glands. Lactiferous sinus+ducts lined with strat. cuboidal. Lowest layer is myoepithelial and has a basal lamina.
87
Describe the mammary glands of a pregnant woman.
Alveoli develop, terminal ductules proliferate
88
Alveolar cells of the mammary gland have _______ epithelium lining
Cuboidal secretory cells
89
Alveolar cells are surrounded by
Incomplete myoepithelial cell layer with lipid droplets and milk protein and lactose vesicles.
90
Two mechanisms of alveolar cell secretion. Name them.
Apocrine -- Lipids | Merocrine -- Proteins
91
What are nipples made of? What opens there?
Dense collagenous CT interlaced with smooth muscle. Lactiferous ducts.
92
Whats a papanicolaou smear?
Epithelial cells scraped from cervix (or vagina) lining and examined for cancer
93
Which epithelium of the cervix is more prone to develop cancer?
Stratified squamous non-keratinized
94
Describe endometriosis.
Condition in which uterine endometrium exists in the pelvic peritoneal cavity. As shed -- peritoneal bleeding caused pain, cyst formation, adhesion formation. Can make you sterile.
95
Whats a leiomyoma?
A benign smooth muscle tumor that frequents the uterus.
96
Ectopic pregnancy = ?
Pregnancy anywhere out of the ordinary...probably in the oviduct.
97
Why is ectopic pregnancy a big deal?
Tubes may burst, causing the mother to hemorrhage. Can be fatal
98
Two types of breast cancer and what cells they come from.
Ductal carcinoma -- ductal epithelium | Lobular Carcinoma -- terminal ductules
99
What nodes are a high risk for metastasis in breast cancer?
Axillary nodes.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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