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Histology Test 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of ovaries?

A

Steroidogenesis (estrogen and progesterone) and gametogenesis (eggs and such.)

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2
Q

The capsul of the ovary is named the ________. What type of tissue is it comprised of?

A

Tunica Albuginea. Dense irregular connective tissue.

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3
Q

Overies are covered by ______ epithelium.

A

Germinal (some kind of simple cuboidal/squamous??)

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4
Q

The ovary is divided into two poorly defined sections. Name them. NOW!

A

Cortex and Medulla

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5
Q

Which of the two parts of the ovary contains ovarian follicles?

A

Cortex

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6
Q

What the fuck is in an ovarian medulla anyway?

A

Large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves in loose connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the three types of ovarian follicles?

A

Primordial, Growing, and Graafian

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8
Q

Describe a primary oocyte (primordial follicle)

A

Covered by a single layer of squamous follicular cells

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9
Q

What part of meiosis are ovaries frozen into during fetal life?

A

Prophase of Meiosis I

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10
Q

Type of connections that may develop between follicular cells.

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

Name of the amorphous layer surrounding an oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

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12
Q

What is a zona pellucida made of?

A

3 glycoproteins (PAS+) produced by the oocyte with a basal lamina.

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13
Q

Describe an early primary follicle. Where does it come from?

A

Single layer of cuboidal follicular cells. From primordial follicles.

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14
Q

Describe a late primary follicle. Where does it come from?

A

Several layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells). From the early primary follicle.

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15
Q

Stromal cells of the late primary follicle form the _________>

A

theca interna and theca externa (inner cellular cuboidal layer and outer fibrous layer).

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16
Q

Follicles become secondary when….

A

fluid (liquor foliculi) accumulates in intercellular spaces btw granulosa cells.

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17
Q

Fluid filled spaces combine to form the ______

A

Antrum

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18
Q

FSH stimulates….

A

Conversion of androgens into estrogens and production of LH Receptors (by granulosa cells)

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19
Q

_______ from oocytes and ______ from granulosa cells extend into the zona pellucida

A

Microvili. Narrow processes.

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20
Q

What junctions do granulosa cells utilize to contact one another and the oocyte plasma membrane?

A

Gap Junctions

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21
Q

The graafian follicle will eventually_______

A

Ovulate

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22
Q

Describe a graafian follicle.

A

Acentrically positioned oocyte located on a small mound of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that projects into the antrum.

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23
Q

Theca interna cells make _________

A

Androgens (that granulosa cells will eventually turn into estrogens)

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24
Q

Which theca has muscle cells?

A

externa

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25
Q

Primary oocyte finishes first meiotic division before ovulation….now it is a

A

seconary oocyte and first polar body

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26
Q

What cell cycle stage do eggs get stuck in till fertilization

A

Metaphase II

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27
Q

What gets eggs past metaphase II

A

Acrosomal enzymes (from sperm)

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28
Q

The zona pellucida sticks around until….

A

Acrosomal enzymes break it the fuck down

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29
Q

How does zona pellucida breakdown influence fertility?

A

NO MORE SPERM BINDING! IT IS FORBIDDEN

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30
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

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31
Q

The corpus luteum is made of _______ cells

A

Granulosa lutein and theca lutein

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32
Q

Granulosa lutein cells manufacture….

A

Progesterone and Estradiol

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33
Q

Describe granulosa lutein cells.

A

Large and pale. Lots o’ sER, rER, mitochondria, golgi, and lipid

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34
Q

Theca lutein cells manufacture…

A

Androgens and a little bit of estrogen and progesterone.

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35
Q

What is a corpus albicans?

A

A small scar formed from the corpus luteum remnants

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36
Q

What are atretic follicles? When are they typically found?

A

Follices undergoing degeneration after Graafian follicle ovulates.

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37
Q

Degenerating follicles often showing pyknotic changes are called…

A

Atretic follices

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38
Q

Three layers of oviducts?

A

Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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39
Q

Four regions of the oviducts?

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural portion

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40
Q

Where are longitudinal folds located? How do they change along the tube?

A

In the mucosa. Less as you approach the uterus.

41
Q

The fallopian tubes have a _________ epithelium. It includes the following cell types….

A

simple columnar. peg and ciliated.

42
Q

What do peg cells do?

A

Make a nutrient rich secretion for spermatozoa and preimplantation embryo.

43
Q

Why care about ciliated cells?

A

The have cilia (SHOCKING!) that beat toward the uterus to suck the embryo down the tube.

44
Q

Describe the fallopian tube lamina propria.

A

Loose CT. Reticular Fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphoid cells.

45
Q

T or F. The fallopian tubes have a well defined muscular layer.

A

F. Its poorly defined.

46
Q

Serosa is made of ______ epithelium.

A

Simple squamous (over a CT layer)

47
Q

Name three regions of a uterus.

A

Fundus, Body (corpus), and Cervix

48
Q

Name three layers of the uterine wall.

A

Endometrium, Myometrium, and Adventitia

49
Q

Distinguish serosa and adventitia.

A

The layer is serosa within the peritoneal cavity and adventitia when present along the uterine retroperitoneal surface.

50
Q

Endometrium is lined with ______ epithelial cells.

A

Simple columnar

51
Q

Who is hanging out just under the endometrial epithelium?

A

Reticular fibers, stellate-shaped cells, secretory mucus cells, macrophages and leukocytes.

52
Q

What two layers comprise the endometrium?

A

Functional Layer and Basal Layer

53
Q

So…..tell me about the functional layer.

A

Thick endometrial surface layer. Sloughed off in menstration and regrown.

54
Q

I guess you should tell me about the basal layer too…

A

Preserved in menstration. Has the endometrial glands and basal cells that allow reepithelialization.

55
Q

What two types of arteries live in the endometrium?

A

Coiled arteries and straight arteries.

56
Q

Difference between coiled and straight arteries (other than one being coiled while the other is straight…)

A

Coiled go into the functional layer and change around with the cycle. Straight arteries stay safe in the basal layer.

57
Q

What type of muscle is the uterus myometrium?

A

Smooth

58
Q

What are the three muscular layers of the myometrium? Who is really vascularized?

A

Inner and outer longitudinal and a thick midle circular layer. Circular gets the stratum vasculare (i.e. will receive lots o blood)

59
Q

Near the end of pregnancy, smooth muscle cells of the uterus will develop lots of…

A

gap junctions to coordinate contraction

60
Q

Who triggers uterine contractions?

A

Oxytocin and Prostaglandins

61
Q

Phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, Secretory Phase

62
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase?

A

Day 1-4. Hemorrhagic discharge enters the uterus lumen due to contraction/relaxation of the coiled arteries (because of estrogen and prog.)

63
Q

How does the whole coiled arteries causing menstruation thing actually work?

A

Prolonged vasoconstriction causes schemia. Sudden and intermittent vasodilation ruptures the walls, floods the stroma, and detaches the epithelium.

64
Q

Why don’t women accidentally menstruate out their basal layer?

A

Because thats supplied by straight arteries, not the coiled arteries.

65
Q

Whats a uterus up to during the proliferative phase?

A

From day 4-14, the uterus is growing itself a new functional layer. It grows new epithelial lining, stromal cells, coiled arteries, and such.

66
Q

How far into the functional layer do coiled arteries go?

A

2/3

67
Q

What is the uterus up to during secretory phase?

A

From day 15-28, the endometrium is thickening up due to fluid buildup and endometrial gland secretions

68
Q

In the secretory phase, glands ________ and lumens contain ___________.

A

Become coiled. secretory glycoprotein material.

69
Q

During what phase of menstruation does glycogen accumulation occur?

A

Secretory phase.

70
Q

What is the cervix up to in the proliferative phase?

A

watery mucous secretions to help sperm in

71
Q

How do cervical secretions change after ovulation?

A

Becomes more viscous to stop the spread of bacteria. It also gets rid of seminal plasma

72
Q

What are cervixes made of?

A

Dense collagenous CT with elastic fibers and some smooth muscle

73
Q

Cervix is mostly ________ epithelium. On the vaginal side it turns…

A

Simple columnar. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized.

74
Q

When does the cervix help stop sperm entry?

A

Pregnancy

75
Q

What hormone does the body use to loosen the cervix up for delivering a baby?

A

Relaxin

76
Q

Three layers of the vagina. Name them.

A

Inner mucosa, middle mucosa, and external adventitia.

77
Q

What type of muscle surrounds the vaginal orifice?

A

Skeletal

78
Q

So…why might some vaginal bacteria be worth having around?

A

Vaginal bacteria use GLYCOGEN from the MUCOSA to make lactic acid. The acidic status helps keep other bacteria out.

79
Q

What comprises the lamina propria of the vagina?

A

Fibroelastic CT tissue thats highly vascular in the deep portion.

80
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the vagina.

A

Irregularly arranged smooth muscle layers with elastic fibers.

81
Q

Whats so great about the adventitia of the vagina?

A

It fixes the vagina to the surrounding structures and houses the external genetalia glands.

82
Q

What type of tissue makes up the adventitia of the vagina?

A

Fibroelastic CT

83
Q

What are mammary glands made of?

A

About 2 dozen compound tubuloalveolar glands (1 lactiferous sinus and duct to the nipple each)

84
Q

When do guys normally have equivalent mammary glands till?

A

Puberty

85
Q

Hormonal changes in women cause… (in regard to breasts)

A

Increase in adipose tissue, lobule and terminal ductule development.

86
Q

Describe the mammary glands of an adult, non-pregnant female.

A

Resting Glands. Lactiferous sinus+ducts lined with strat. cuboidal. Lowest layer is myoepithelial and has a basal lamina.

87
Q

Describe the mammary glands of a pregnant woman.

A

Alveoli develop, terminal ductules proliferate

88
Q

Alveolar cells of the mammary gland have _______ epithelium lining

A

Cuboidal secretory cells

89
Q

Alveolar cells are surrounded by

A

Incomplete myoepithelial cell layer with lipid droplets and milk protein and lactose vesicles.

90
Q

Two mechanisms of alveolar cell secretion. Name them.

A

Apocrine – Lipids

Merocrine – Proteins

91
Q

What are nipples made of? What opens there?

A

Dense collagenous CT interlaced with smooth muscle. Lactiferous ducts.

92
Q

Whats a papanicolaou smear?

A

Epithelial cells scraped from cervix (or vagina) lining and examined for cancer

93
Q

Which epithelium of the cervix is more prone to develop cancer?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

94
Q

Describe endometriosis.

A

Condition in which uterine endometrium exists in the pelvic peritoneal cavity. As shed – peritoneal bleeding caused pain, cyst formation, adhesion formation. Can make you sterile.

95
Q

Whats a leiomyoma?

A

A benign smooth muscle tumor that frequents the uterus.

96
Q

Ectopic pregnancy = ?

A

Pregnancy anywhere out of the ordinary…probably in the oviduct.

97
Q

Why is ectopic pregnancy a big deal?

A

Tubes may burst, causing the mother to hemorrhage. Can be fatal

98
Q

Two types of breast cancer and what cells they come from.

A

Ductal carcinoma – ductal epithelium

Lobular Carcinoma – terminal ductules

99
Q

What nodes are a high risk for metastasis in breast cancer?

A

Axillary nodes.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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