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Histology Test 3 > Small and Large Intestine > Flashcards

Small and Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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2
Q

Structures to increase surface area of the intestine

A

Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

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3
Q

What are plicae circulares/valves of Kerckring?

A

Permanent spiral folds of the mucosa and submucosa in the distal duodenum, jej., and proximal ile.

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4
Q

What are intestinal villi?

A

Finger-like projections of mucosa

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5
Q

What are the Crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Simple tubular glands extending from approximately the middle of the vilus to the epithelium.

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6
Q

What cells reside in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Goblet cells, columnar cells, enteroendocrine cells, regenerative cells, paneth cells

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7
Q

The microvillus core contains…

A

actin filaments linked with fimbrin and villin. Actin is anchored with myosin I and calmodulin.

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8
Q

Motility of the small intestine is controlled by the __________. More speficially….

A

Autonomic Nervous System. Meissner’s Plexus and Auerbach’s myenteric plexus.

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9
Q

The intestine is lined with ________ epithelium

A

Simple Columnar

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10
Q

Cells in the intestinal epithelium include….

A

Goblet, Absorptive, Paneth, Antigen Processing, Enteroendocrine

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11
Q

Goblet cells produce _______, which after release is converted to ______.

A

Mucinogen. Mucous.

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12
Q

Apical surfaces of enterocytes are covered with…

A

microvilli covered with glycocalyx

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13
Q

Cells are bound by..

A

zonulae occludens, zonula adherens, and lateral plications

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14
Q

Cells divide in the what part of the intestine?

A

Crypts (before migrating up and being sloughed off at the villus.

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15
Q

What enzymes break down carbohydrates? Where?

A

Lactase, Maltase, and Sucrase in the brush border membrane.

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16
Q

What enzymes break down proteins?

A

Initially - pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Enterokinase and aminopeptidase in microvilli. Cytoplasmic peptidase later.

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17
Q

What breaks down fatty acids?

A

Pancreatic lipase and bile salts (to make micelles)

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18
Q

Micelles are bound to ____ inside the microvilli

A

Fatty acid binding protein

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19
Q

Triglycerides are formed in the

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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20
Q

Where in the cell are chylomicrons formed?

A

Golgi

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21
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine secrete…

A

Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

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22
Q

What is the function of M cells?

A

Antigen uptake/processing/transport (with intraepithelial pocket of B cells)

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23
Q

________ cells may extend out processes across the basal lamina near lymphoid follicular epithelium in Peyer’s Patches.

A

Dendritic

24
Q

Paneth cells contain…

A

Large eosinophilic apical secretory granules

25
Q

Where are Paneth cells typically located

A

Bottom of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

26
Q

What do Paneth cells secrete?

A

Lysozyme (to cleave bacterial cell walls) and defensins (in response to antigens to protect the regenerative cells) and TNF-alpha

27
Q

Where are intestinal regenerative cells located?

A

Bottom of the crypts.

28
Q

Lacteals are components of the _______

A

Lymphatic System

29
Q

Brunner’s glands are located where?

A

Submucosa of duodenum

30
Q

What do Brunner’s Glands secrete?

A

Alkaline secretions of glycoproteins, GIP to protect intestine from high acid

31
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide does what?

A

Enhances epithelial cell division and inhibits HCl production.

32
Q

Aggregate lymphoid nodules are located where?

A

Ileum

33
Q

Function of the colon?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

34
Q

In the colon you will no longer see the presence of _____

A

villi, paneth cells, glands

35
Q

The colon has ______- epithelium

A

simple columnar

36
Q

Outer layer of the muscularis externa forms three longitudinal muscles named…

A

the teniae coli

37
Q

Name of sacculations of the colon wall

A

Haustra coli

38
Q

What plexus lives between the muscle layers of the colon?

A

Auerbach’s Plexus

39
Q

Function of appendix?

A

Somehow involved with preventing intestinal carcinoma. Also reservoir of gut bacteria after diarrhea.

40
Q

The appendix has ______ epithelium

A

simple columnar

41
Q

Appendix has what cells present

A

goblet, columnar, regenerative, paneth, and enteroendocrine

42
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are ______ in the colon than the rectume

A

Fewer and Deeper

43
Q

Longitudinal folds of anal mucosa are called

A

anal columns

44
Q

Anal epithelium is….

A

Simple columnar –> simple/stratified cuboidal/columnar –> nonkeratinized strat squamous –> keritinized stratified squamous

45
Q

Gastritis is…

A

Gastric mucosal inflammation

46
Q

Malabsorption diseases can lead to….

A

malnutrition/wasting diseases

47
Q

Gluten enteropathy is….

A

destructive effects of some glutens on the intestinal villi.

48
Q

Steatorrhea is….

A

stools with high fat/ fat malabsorption

49
Q

Vit K deficiency can cause….

A

clotting deficiency

50
Q

Vit B12 deficiency can cause…

A

Pernicious Anemia

51
Q

Colorectal cancer typically arises from…

A

Adenomatous polyps

52
Q

Colorectal cancer is treated by…

A

Colon resection

53
Q

Appendicitis symptoms include…

A

Pain/discomfort in the lower right abdomen, fever, nausea, and elevated white blood cell. Eventually peritonitis, endotoxic shock, and death if ruptures.

54
Q

Hemorrhoids cause…because of…

A

rectal bleeding during defecation. breakage of thin walled vessels of the plexuses above or below the anorectal line

55
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease is caused by…

A

mutations of 1 of 4 genes (endothelin B, endothelin 3, RET) that prevent neural crest cells from migrating/differentiating into neurons of the enteric nervous system.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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