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Histology Test 3 > Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder > Flashcards

Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

Why do gluconeogenesis?

A

To convert amino acids & lipids into glucose

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2
Q

Functions of Liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis, Detoxification, Storage, Production of Plasma Proteins, Production of Bile, Transfer of IgA

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3
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen, Triglycerides, and Vit A

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4
Q

What plasma proteins come from the liver?

A

Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, Albumin, Urea

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5
Q

Liver receives blood from ______.

A

Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein

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6
Q

Blood Leaves the liver through ______

A

Central Vein

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7
Q

What divides the liver into lobes?

A

Fibroconnective tissue capsule (Glisson’s capsule)

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8
Q

Another name for liver cells is…

A

hepatocytes

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9
Q

Cellular structures abundant in hepatocytes include…

A

rER, sER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, glycogen deposits, lipid droplets

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10
Q

Hepatocytes can be found in a ________ arrangement.

A

Hexagonal

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11
Q

What is unique about hepatocyte DNA?

A

Hepatocytes can be binucleate and have several times the normal DNA amount

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12
Q

Classical liver lobules are surrounded by…

A

Portal Canals

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13
Q

Please look at the different types of lobules pictures in the packet.

A

I’ll feel better if you’ve at least looked.

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14
Q

Phagocytic cells in the liver are called….

A

Kupffer Cells

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15
Q

Empty space in between the hepatocytes and the sinusoid epithelium?

A

Space of Disse

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16
Q

Describe a portal lobule.

A

Centered on portal area, defined by three adjacent central veins. Defines flow of bile into the bile duct.

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17
Q

Describe the hepatic acinus of Rappaport.

A

Oval region defined by two adjacent central veins. It defines a metabolic gradient from the periportal area to the drainage zone. (see pg. 2 of notes)

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18
Q

What does the space of disse do?

A

Exchanges material between the bloodstream and hepatocytes. Also storage.

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19
Q

Space of Disse is important in storage of…

A

Fat, Vit A

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20
Q

Bile flows in the _______ direction as blood.

A

Opposite

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21
Q

Name of intercellular spaces between hepatocytes

A

Bile Canaliculi

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22
Q

Describe the flow of bile out of the liver to the cystic duct.

A

Bile Canaliculi–> small bile ductules (canals of Hering) –> bile ducts –> hepatic ducts –> hepatic duct –> merge with cystic on gallbladder neck

23
Q

What are 4 functions of bile?

A
    • Excretion (Cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, and electrolytes.)
    • Absorption of fat/fat soluble vitamins.
    • IgA Transport
  • -Excretion of Drugs/Heavy Metals
24
Q

Describe the recycling of bile acids.

A

Reabsorbed by the ileum, in blood to the portal vein and liver sinusoids, hepatocytes extract from blood and resecrete into the canaliculi

25
Q

What is hepatitis? Common Causes?

A

Inflammation of the Liver. Viruses or Toxic Materials.

26
Q

What is cirrhosis? Common Causes?

A

Degeneration and fibrosis of the liver. Poisoning, Alcohol, Bile duct obstruction.

27
Q

What is jaundice? Common causes?

A

Excess bilirubin in the blood. Obstructed bile passages, liver dysfunction, excess RBC destruction

28
Q

How might congestive heart failure influence the liver.

A

High venous pressure could cause the liver to engorge with blood.

29
Q

Why should we give a shit about high bilirubin?

A

Toxic to the brain

30
Q

Chronic liver disease can cause ______ release. This will induce the production of ______.

A

Proinflammatory cytokines. Collagen.

31
Q

What does a Gall Bladder do?

A

Store bile and release it in response to cholecystokinin.

32
Q

What epithelia does the gall bladder have?

A

Simple Columnar (w/microvilli)

33
Q

Key feature of the gall bladder?

A

Diverticula of the Epithelium (outpocketings of the muscose that make epithelial lined cysts.

34
Q

What are gall stones usually made of?

A

Cholesterol Crystals (can also be calcium salt of bile)

35
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or an endocrine organ?

A

Both

36
Q

Stain used to distinguish the types of endocrine cells in the pancreas?

A

Mallory Azan

37
Q

Alpha cells make ________

A

Glucagon

38
Q

Beta cells make _______

A

Insulin

39
Q

Delta cells make _______

A

somatostatin

40
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits local hormonal release

41
Q

Epsilon cells make ________

A

Ghrelin

42
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

Stimulates Appetite

43
Q

PP cells/F Cells make _______

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide.

44
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

Inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions

45
Q

Where in the pancreas are endocrine cells located?

A

The Acini

46
Q

What are exocrine products of the pancreas?

A

Amylase, Lipase, Ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease, and elastase (in proenzyme form)

47
Q

Intercalated duct cells secrete….

A

enzyme poor alkaline fluid (bicarbonate) in response to secretin.

48
Q

Route of secretion to pancreatic duct…

A

Intercalated ducts –> Intralobular ducts –> Interlobular ducts –> Main Pancreatic Duct

49
Q

Symptoms of TI Diabetes

A

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

50
Q

Potential molecular causes of TII Diabetes

A

Impaired insulin release, decreased insulin receptors, faulty post-receptor signalling

51
Q

_______ and _______ insulin resistance is a significant component of insulin resistant diabetes.

A

Muscle Hepatic

52
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the Pancreas

53
Q

In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, what can happen?

A

Proenzymes can be activated, causing the pancreas to digest itself.

Histology Test 3 (9 decks)

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