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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What four organs and vessels make up the Urinary System?

A

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of the blood?

A

Filter blood
Regulation of blood volume, ph, solutes

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Synthesis of Erythropoietin

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3
Q

What does it mean that the kidneys are retro-peritoneal?

A

They are not covered by the peritoneum.

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4
Q

What are the anatomical differences between the right and left kidney?

A

Right kidney is slightly lower because liver pushes it down.

Left kidney is slightly longer and bigger.

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5
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire organ of the kidney.

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6
Q

What is the function of the renal fascia?

A

It anchors the kidneys to surrounding adipose tissue and the abdominal wall.

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7
Q

What is the function of the hilus of the kidneys?

A

Where renal arteries, veins, nerves and ureters enter and exit the kidneys. The hilus causes the renal sinus in the kidneys.

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8
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

The projections of the renal cortex that extend between the pyramids of the kidney.

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9
Q

What are the renal pyramids?

A

The cone shaped area of the kidneys.

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10
Q

What are the calyces of the kidneys?

A

They are small cups that collect urine to be drained into the ureters.

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11
Q

What are the two calyces?

A

Minor calyces and Major calyces

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12
Q

Where to the calyces drain their urine into?

A

Minor calyces drains into the major calyces

major calycses drains into the renal pelvis.

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13
Q

Where does the renal pelvis drain its urine into?

A

Ureters

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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15
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s capsule – capsule that surrounds the glomerulus.

Proximal Tubule

Distal Tubule

Loop of Henle

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16
Q

Where is urine formed?

A

Nephron

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17
Q

Where does urine go once the nephron produces it?

A

The nephron first empties into the collecting ducts where it then reaches the papillary ducts, minor calyses, major calyses, and then the renal pelvis.

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18
Q

What are the two different types of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Cortical Nephron

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19
Q

What is the difference between the juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron?

A

The Juxtamedullary nephron has a loop of henle that extend deep into the medulla.

Cortical Nephron has a loop of henle that stays nearer to the cortex.

20
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of blood capillaries.

21
Q

What are the two layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Parietal and Visceral layers

22
Q

Describe the parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that becomes cube-shaped when it reaches its end.

23
Q

Describe the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Built up of podocytes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

24
Q

What is the structure of the filtration membrane within the bowman’s capsule?

A

Where the wall of the capillaries are up against the walls of the podocyte.

25
Q

What is the first stage of urine formation

A

Occurs when fluid from blood in capillaries move across the filtration membrane into the lumen of the bowman’s capsule through the capillaries smal fenestrae or pores.

26
Q

What is the function of the Afferent Arteriole?

A

To transport blood to the glomerulus.

27
Q

What is the function of the efference arteriole?

A

To carry blood that has been filtered away from the glomerulus.

28
Q

In what area of the nephron is the fluid finally converted into urine?

A

Distal Tubule

29
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

If there was too much taken from the blood it has a chance to be returned into the circulation.

30
Q

What happens in the loop of henle?

A

If something wasn’t filtered from the blood there is a second chance for filtration here.

31
Q

What are the four major areas of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

Proximal Tubule

Loops of Henle

Distal Tubule

32
Q

Where do the renal arteries branch from and then enter in each kidney?

A

Branch from the abdominal aorta and enter into the renal sinus.

33
Q

What are the five areas of circulation through the kidneys?

A

Afferent arterioles: supply blood to glomerulus

Glomerulus: yarn ball of capillaries in bowman capsule.

Efferent arterioles: capillary that exits capsule.

Peritubular capillaries: Surround the proximal and distal tubules.

Vasa Recta: surround loop of henle in the medulla.

34
Q

What are the three processes in urine formation?

A

Glomerulal Filtration (GF): Movement of material between capillaries and bowman’s capsule.

Tubular Reabsoption (TR): Reabsorbs materials back into blood if there was too much taken.

Tubular Secretion (TS): Checks if something was left behind that wasn’t absorbed from blood.

35
Q

What is the composition of glomerulal filtrate?

A

Consists of small dissolved molecules and water.

36
Q

Where does glomerulal filtration take place?

A

Between the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule.

37
Q

Where does tubular reabsortion take place?

A

Mostly in the proximal tubule.

38
Q

Where does tubular secretion take place?

A

Mostly in the distal tubule and loop of henle

39
Q

What happens to the urine concentration when you consume large amounts of water?

A

There is a large amount of dilute urine produced to eliminate excess water without losing large amounts of electrolytes.

40
Q

What happens to the urine concentration when there is no water consumed?

A

A small amount of very concentrated urine produced to prevent rapid dehydration while still removing waste.

41
Q

What type of urine movement forces urine through the nephron?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

42
Q

What type of urine movement moves urine through the ureters?

A

Peristalsis

43
Q

How does parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation affect frequency of urination?

A

Parasympathetic Stimulation: Increase frequency

Sympathetic Stimulation: Decrease frequency

44
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Brings urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder.

45
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Stores urine in its hollow muscular container.

46
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular area between the entry of the two ureters and the exit of the urethra.

47
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Muscular tube that transports urine to the outside of the body.

A&P II (13 decks)

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