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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood.

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3
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory functions?

A

Gas exchange, voice production, olfaction, protection, regulation of blood pH.

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5
Q

What areas are contained in the upper tract of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity,

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6
Q

What areas are contained in the lower tract of the respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and tubing of the lungs.

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7
Q

Describe the hard palate of the nasal cavity.

A

It is the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity and it physically separates them.

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8
Q

Describe the chonchae of the nasal cavity.

A

Makes entering air swirl and slow down. It filters entering debris and dust.

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9
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Passageway for air, cleans the air, smell.

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10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The common opening for digestive and respiratory systems

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11
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: Where the nasal cavity opens into the throat.

Oropharynx: Where the oral cavity opens into the throat.

Laryngopharynx: Epiglottis to esophagus.

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12
Q

What type of cells are found in the nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Secretes mucous.

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13
Q

What type of cells are found in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium. This protects the area from high levels of friction caused by passing food and drink.

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14
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voicebox

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15
Q

What are the two types of cartilages found in the larynx?

A

Unpaired Cartilages & Paired Cartilages

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16
Q

What are the three types of unpaired cartilages?

A

Thyroid: Largest, adams apple.

Cricoid: Most inferior, base of larynx, first ring of windpipe.

Epiglottis: Covers trachea during eating to let food go to the esophagus.

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17
Q

What are the three types of paired cartilages?

A

Arytenoids: Attached to cricoid

Corniculate: Attached to arytenoids

Cuneiform: Contained in mucous membrane.

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18
Q

What are the two types of ligaments found in the larynx?

A

Vestibular folds: false vocal folds.

True Vocal Cords: vocal folds, responsible for sound production.

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19
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Maintain an open passageway.

Source of sound production

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20
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Major Airway.

Membranous tube with a C-shaped cartilage ring.

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21
Q

What is the function of the C-shaped cartilage ring?

A

Keeps the windpipe from closing.

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22
Q

What is the posterior surface of the trachea made out of?

A

A bundle of smooth muscle called the trachealis.

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23
Q

What two sections does the trachea divide into?

A

Left Primary Bronchi and Right Primary Bronchi

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24
Q

What is the Carina?

A

The cartilage found at the bifurcation of the Trachea into the left primary bronchi and right primary bronchi.

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25
Q

What is the entire breakdown of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Trachea –> L&R Primary Bronchi –> Secondary Bronchi –> Tertiary Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles

26
Q

How many lobes does each side of the lungs have?

A

Right Lung: 3 Lobes

Left Lung: 2 Lobes

27
Q

What happens to the composition of the trachea as it branches into smaller areas?

A

The cartilage decreases until it is non existent in the bronchioles.

28
Q

What is the area called that is the site for gas exchange?

A

Respiratory Zone

29
Q

What are the branches of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sacs

30
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs found?

A

Alveoli

31
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Between the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillaries.

32
Q

Where are the pulmonary capillaries found?

A

They surround the alveolar walls

33
Q

Describe the function of Type I pneumocytes

A

They are involved in gas exchange.

34
Q

What is surfactant and what cells produce it?

A

Surfactant is a secretion produced by Type II pneumocytes. Surfactant prevents the walls of the alveoli from sticking together and not allowing air to enter them.

35
Q

Where is the base and apex on the lungs?

A

The base is the area of the lungs that sits on the diaphragm. The apex is the superior part of the lungs.

36
Q

What is the hilus?

A

The medial surface of the lungs where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung.

37
Q

What is the leading muscle in respiration?

A

Diaphragm

38
Q

What is the word to describe inhalation?

A

Inspiration.

39
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, External Intercostals, Pectoralis minor, scalenes

40
Q

What is the word to describe exhalation?

A

Expiration

41
Q

What muscles are involved in expiration?

A

Abdominal Muscles and Internal Intercostals

42
Q

Describe anatomically the process of inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens and the ribs are pulled by associated muscles. This allows the lungs to expand and fill with air.

43
Q

What is the cavity that surrounds each lung?

A

Pleural Cavity

44
Q

What are the two “pleura”

A

Visceral Pleura: Adheres to the lung

Parietal Pleura: Adheres to the thoracic wall

45
Q

What are the two sources of blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.

46
Q

What is the definition of ventilation?

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs

47
Q

Describe Boyles law

A

P=k/V

P=Gas Pressure

k = constant at given temp

V = Volume

48
Q

How does one develop pneomothorax?

A

An opening between the pleural cavity and the outside air. Caused mostly by artificial means such as a stabbing.

49
Q

What is compliance?

A

How easily it is for you to breathe.

50
Q

What tool measures the volume of air that moves in and out of the respiratory system?

A

Spirometer to measure spirometry

51
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Amount of air inspired or expired with each breath.

52
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount that can be inspire forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume.

53
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the tidal volume.

54
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration.

55
Q

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity?

A

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

56
Q

How do you calculate functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

57
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

58
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

A

Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

59
Q

What is the respiratory rate?

A

The number of breaths taken in a minute.

60
Q

What are the two areas of the brainstem responsible for respiration?

A

Medullary Respiratory Center: Stimulate the muscles responsible for respiration.

Pontine Respiratory Group: Involved in switching between inspiration and expiration.

61
Q

What is Hyper and Hypo capnia

A

Hypercapnia: Too much CO2

Hypocapnia: Low CO2 than normal

62
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Decrease in oxygen levels below normal values.

A&P II (13 decks)

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