Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the definition of ventilation?
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood.
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
What are the functions of the respiratory functions?
Gas exchange, voice production, olfaction, protection, regulation of blood pH.
What areas are contained in the upper tract of the respiratory system?
Nose, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity,
What areas are contained in the lower tract of the respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and tubing of the lungs.
Describe the hard palate of the nasal cavity.
It is the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity and it physically separates them.
Describe the chonchae of the nasal cavity.
Makes entering air swirl and slow down. It filters entering debris and dust.
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Passageway for air, cleans the air, smell.
What is the pharynx?
The common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx: Where the nasal cavity opens into the throat.
Oropharynx: Where the oral cavity opens into the throat.
Laryngopharynx: Epiglottis to esophagus.
What type of cells are found in the nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Secretes mucous.
What type of cells are found in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium. This protects the area from high levels of friction caused by passing food and drink.
What is the larynx?
The voicebox
What are the two types of cartilages found in the larynx?
Unpaired Cartilages & Paired Cartilages
What are the three types of unpaired cartilages?
Thyroid: Largest, adams apple.
Cricoid: Most inferior, base of larynx, first ring of windpipe.
Epiglottis: Covers trachea during eating to let food go to the esophagus.
What are the three types of paired cartilages?
Arytenoids: Attached to cricoid
Corniculate: Attached to arytenoids
Cuneiform: Contained in mucous membrane.
What are the two types of ligaments found in the larynx?
Vestibular folds: false vocal folds.
True Vocal Cords: vocal folds, responsible for sound production.
What are the functions of the larynx?
Maintain an open passageway.
Source of sound production
What is the trachea?
Major Airway.
Membranous tube with a C-shaped cartilage ring.
What is the function of the C-shaped cartilage ring?
Keeps the windpipe from closing.
What is the posterior surface of the trachea made out of?
A bundle of smooth muscle called the trachealis.
What two sections does the trachea divide into?
Left Primary Bronchi and Right Primary Bronchi
What is the Carina?
The cartilage found at the bifurcation of the Trachea into the left primary bronchi and right primary bronchi.
What is the entire breakdown of the tracheobronchial tree?
Trachea –> L&R Primary Bronchi –> Secondary Bronchi –> Tertiary Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles
How many lobes does each side of the lungs have?
Right Lung: 3 Lobes
Left Lung: 2 Lobes
What happens to the composition of the trachea as it branches into smaller areas?
The cartilage decreases until it is non existent in the bronchioles.
What is the area called that is the site for gas exchange?
Respiratory Zone
What are the branches of the terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sacs
Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs found?
Alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place?
Between the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillaries.
Where are the pulmonary capillaries found?
They surround the alveolar walls
Describe the function of Type I pneumocytes
They are involved in gas exchange.
What is surfactant and what cells produce it?
Surfactant is a secretion produced by Type II pneumocytes. Surfactant prevents the walls of the alveoli from sticking together and not allowing air to enter them.
Where is the base and apex on the lungs?
The base is the area of the lungs that sits on the diaphragm. The apex is the superior part of the lungs.
What is the hilus?
The medial surface of the lungs where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung.
What is the leading muscle in respiration?
Diaphragm
What is the word to describe inhalation?
Inspiration.
What muscles are involved in inspiration?
Diaphragm, External Intercostals, Pectoralis minor, scalenes
What is the word to describe exhalation?
Expiration
What muscles are involved in expiration?
Abdominal Muscles and Internal Intercostals
Describe anatomically the process of inspiration
The diaphragm contracts and flattens and the ribs are pulled by associated muscles. This allows the lungs to expand and fill with air.
What is the cavity that surrounds each lung?
Pleural Cavity
What are the two “pleura”
Visceral Pleura: Adheres to the lung
Parietal Pleura: Adheres to the thoracic wall
What are the two sources of blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.
What is the definition of ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
Describe Boyles law
P=k/V
P=Gas Pressure
k = constant at given temp
V = Volume
How does one develop pneomothorax?
An opening between the pleural cavity and the outside air. Caused mostly by artificial means such as a stabbing.
What is compliance?
How easily it is for you to breathe.
What tool measures the volume of air that moves in and out of the respiratory system?
Spirometer to measure spirometry
What is Tidal Volume?
Amount of air inspired or expired with each breath.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount that can be inspire forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the tidal volume.
What is residual volume?
Volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration.
How do you calculate inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
How do you calculate functional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
How do you calculate vital capacity?
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
How do you calculate total lung capacity?
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
What is the respiratory rate?
The number of breaths taken in a minute.
What are the two areas of the brainstem responsible for respiration?
Medullary Respiratory Center: Stimulate the muscles responsible for respiration.
Pontine Respiratory Group: Involved in switching between inspiration and expiration.
What is Hyper and Hypo capnia
Hypercapnia: Too much CO2
Hypocapnia: Low CO2 than normal
What is hypoxia?
Decrease in oxygen levels below normal values.
