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A&P II > Chapter 18 -- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 -- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the blood?

A

Transport of nutrients and waste products and hormones and gases.

Maintenance of body temperature, Protection against different pathogens, Clot formation

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2
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Plasma (55%)

Formed Elements (45%)

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3
Q

What is the composition of blood plasma?

A

Consists of : 91% water + proteins and other components

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4
Q

What are the three Proteins found in blood?

A

Albumins:(60%) – regulation of water movement between tissues

Globulins:(37%) - involved with the immune system and transport molecules.

Fibrinogen:(3-4%) - involved with the formation of blood clots

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5
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the formed elements component of blood?

A

Red Blood Cells: 6.2 million

White Blood Cells: 9 thousand

Platelets: 400 thousand

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6
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

Called erythrocytes.

Biconcave discs, anucleate, contain hemoglobin; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Describe white blood cells

A

Called leukocytes

Two different types:

Granulocytes: cytoplasm contains large granules; have multi-lobed nuclei

Agranulocytes: cytoplasm contains small granules and nuclei that are not lobed

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8
Q

Describe platelets

A

Called thrombocytes

Cell fragment. Form platelet plugs, release chemicals necessary for blood clotting.

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9
Q

What is the process called of blood cell production and where does it take place?

A

hemopoiesis

Takes place in red bone marrow

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10
Q

What cells are all formed elements derived from?

A

stem cells —> hemocytoblasts

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11
Q

What are the five hemocytoblasts and what do they eventually form into?

A

Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells

Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils (granulocytes)

Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes

Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes

Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets

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12
Q

Describe the components of red blood cells

A
  • Hemoglobin;
  • Carbonic anhydrase;
  • Lipids;
  • ATP;
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13
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Moves oxygen from lungs to tissue

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14
Q

What is the function of Carbonic Anhydrase?

A

Moves carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs. Transports CO2 as bicarbonate ions.

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15
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

4 polypeptide chains+ 4 heme groups

“Heme”group: transport of oxygen (needs “Fe”);
“Globin: transport of CO2 (needs Carbonic anhydrase)

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16
Q

What is needed to transport oxygen?

A

Iron molecules

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17
Q

What is needed to transport CO2?

A

Carbonic Anydrase

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18
Q

What happens when Carbon Monoxide is present in the body?

A

“CO” binds (irreversibly) with the “Fe” of hemoglobin

Result – significant amount of oxygen can not be transported to the tissues, because the amount of iron is insufficient or not available at all for it to bind to.

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19
Q

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production and what organ produces it?

A

Erythropoietin

produced by kidneys in response to low blood O2 levels.

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20
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

A

Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris.

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21
Q

Describe the movement of erythrocytes and leukocytes?

A

Erythrocytes, or RBC, cannot move on their own but require flow of plasma to carry them through body.

Leukocytes, or white blood cells are active cells and are capable of moving on their own.

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22
Q

What three ways do Leukocytes move through the body?

A

Amoeboid movements: using tentacle like projections to move.

Diapedesis: Cells become this then elongate. Similar to how worms move.

Chemotaxis: attract to other foreign or damaged cells like a magnet.

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23
Q

Antibodies are elements of which plasma component?

A

Globulins

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24
Q

What is the average life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 Days

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25
Q

Which leukocytes enter damaged tissues and release histamine and heparin that promotes inflammation?

A

Basophils

26
Q

Which leukocyte is the marine of the immune system and is the first responder during damage and phagosizes bacteria and secretes lysozyme?a

A

Neutrophil

27
Q

What is the function of the enzyme lysozyme and which leukocute produces it?

A

Its an enzyme that damages the membrane of an organism it is going to eat and the neutrophil produces it.

28
Q

Which leukocyte is the most common in the blood?

A

Neutrophil, 60-70%

29
Q

Which leukocyte enters the tissue during inflammatory response and is prevalant in allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils

30
Q

What leukocyte is the least common in the blood?

A

Basophils

31
Q

Which leukocyte is the smallest in size?

A

Lymphocyte

32
Q

Which leukocyte is the largest in size?

A

Monocyte

33
Q

Which leukocyte is responsible for antibody production and accounts for 20-25% of the white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes

34
Q

What leukocyte becomes a macrophage after its job and breaks down antigens and presents them to lymphoctes?

A

Monocytes

35
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

They pinch off from megakaryocytes.

36
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Blood stabalizing or stoppage

37
Q

What are the three ways the body prevents excessive blood loss?

A

Vascular Spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels
Platelet Plug formation

Coagulation: blood clottinh

38
Q

What is the Willebrand Factor?

A

Enzyme that encourages platelets to stick to collagen fibers and makes platelets more sticky.

39
Q

Describe the three steps to platelet plug formation

A
  1. Platelet adhesion: willebrand factor causes platelets to connect with collagen.
  2. Platelet release reaction: Chemicals are released that calls more platelets to the area.
  3. Platelet aggregation: Fibrinogin forms a bridge between platelets which causes platelet plug formation.
40
Q

What are the three stages of coagulation?

A
  1. Formation and activation of prothrombinase, an enzyme needed to boost the reaction of clotting.
  2. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
  3. Conversion of Soluble Fibrinogen to Insoluble Fibrin. Once insoluble fobrin is formed it builds a network of threadlike fibers forming the clot.
41
Q

What vitamin contributes to coagulation of the blood and is needed for clot formation.

A

Vitamin K

42
Q

What is the function of anticoagulants?

A

Prevent coagulation factors from initiating clot formation

43
Q

What are the 3 anticoagulants?

A

Antithrombin: produced by the liver and inactivates thrombin.

Heparin: increases effectiveness of antithrobin and inhibits willebrand factor from making platelets sticky.

Prostacyclin: Causes vasodilation

44
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

A Leukocyte in which the cytoplasm contains large granules and have multi-lobed nuclei.

45
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

A leukocyte in which the cytoplasm contains small granules and a nuclei that isnt lobed.

46
Q

Where can an antigen be found?

A

On the surface of erythrocytes

47
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Clot retraction.

48
Q

What two molecules contract and pull the edges of wounds together?

A

Actin and Myosin

49
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

To detect the presence of foreign red blood cells.

50
Q

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

A

O blood because it has no antigens and can donate to any other blood type.

51
Q

Which blood type is considered the universal receiver?

A

AB blood because it contains both antigens and can accept blood from any type.

52
Q

What anti-body does A blood contain?

A

Anti-B

53
Q

What anti-body does B blood contain?

A

Anti-A

54
Q

What anti-body does AB blood contain?

A

None

55
Q

Describe O blood?

A

It contains no antigens and contains both antibodies for A&B

56
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When the erythrocytes in blood clump together do to a conflict of the blood types.

57
Q

What antigens are present in Rh Positive blood but not found in Rh negative blood?

A

Antigen D

58
Q

What is the injection given to mothers if they are RH-

A

RhoGAM

59
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

When RH+ blood of the fetus meets the RH- of the mother.

60
Q

What 5 tests are run when a complete blood count is done?

A

Red Blood Count

Hemoglobin Measurement

Hematocrit Measurement: how much formed elements

White Blood Cell Count

Platelet Count

61
Q

What is the average hemoglobin count for men and women?

A

Men: 14-18g

Women: 12-16g

A&P II (13 decks)

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