Chapter 21 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the “GI Tract?”

A

Stomach and Instestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organs and openings make up the Digestive System?

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Instestine, Anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the word to describe the introduction of food into the stomach?

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing, mechanically breaking down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is propulsion?

A

The movement of the food through the GIT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the word to describe moving the bolus from the oral cavity to the esophagus.

A

Deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Movement of material through the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two waves of peristalsis?

A

Wave of relaxation: Muscle relaxes in front of the bolus.

Wave of contraction: Muscle contracts behind the bolus to move it forward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What components help with secretion?

A

Mucus, water, bile, and enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is digestion?

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement from tract into the circulation or the lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name of the process of removing waste products from the body?

A

Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract tissue?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa?

A

Mucous Epithelium

Lamina Propria

Muscularis Mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle fibers found in the muscularis tunic of the Digestive Tract ?

A

Circular

Longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What membrane lines the abdominal cavity and its organs?

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of peritoneum?

A

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the lips and the cheeks?

A

Important in mastication and speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the two types of muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic Muscles: Change shape of tongue

Extrinsic Muscles: Protrude and retract tongue and move it side to side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the tissue that attach the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

A

Lingual frenulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of the tongue?

A

Moves food in mouth and participates in speech and swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two sets of teeth?

A

Deciduous: “baby teeth”

Permanent: adult teeth that replace baby teeth between 5-11 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are the anatomical crown and clinical crown?

A

Anatomic crown: Enamel-covered part of tooth.

Clinical Crown: Section of tooth above gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the enameled part of the tooth beneath the gum line?

A

Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What structure is responsible for holding the tooth in the socket?

A

Periodontal Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

28
Q

What is the role of saliva?

A

Prevents bacteria infection, lubrication, initiates process of digestion, helps to form bolus.

29
Q

What is the only function of the esophagus?

A

To transport the food to the stomach. From the pharynx to the stomach.

30
Q

What is the area called where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm?

A

Esophageal hiatus.

31
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

A muscular ring

32
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

33
Q

What are the three phases of deglutition?

A

Voluntary: Bolus is moved by tongue from oral cavity to pharynx.

Pharyngeal: Involuntary reflex where pharynx opens into the esophagus and food is pushed into esophagus.

Esophageal: Involuntary reflex where peristalsis contraction pushes food from esophagus into the stomach.

34
Q

What are the two openings into the stomach?

A

Gastroesophageal (cardiac): upper opening from esophagus to stomach.

Pyloric: lower opening from stomach to duodenum.

35
Q

What are the main parts of the stomach (4)?

A

Cardiac: superior opening into stomach.

Fundus: superior rounded area of stomach.

Body: Largest part of stomach.

Pylorus: funnel shaped area which controls movement out of the stomach.

36
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

A

Greater and Lesser curvatures.

37
Q

What are the two sphincters of the stomach?

A

Cardiac: Part of lower esophagus.

Pyloric: Between lower stomach and small intestine.

38
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach wall?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

39
Q

What are the three muscular layers of the muscularis of the stomach wall?

A

Inner Oblique

Middle Circular

Outer Longitudinal

40
Q

What are the large wrinkles called within the stomach?

A

Rugae

41
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Openings for gastric glands

42
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelial cells of the stomach?

A

Surface mucus cells

Mucous neck cells: deep

Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid

Chief Cells: Secrete Pepsinogen - digestive enzyme

Endocrine Cells: secrete hormones

43
Q

What is chyme?

A

Ingested food plus stomach secretions

44
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Kills bacteria

Digestion

45
Q

What are the two types of waves that move liquid in the stomach?

A

Mixing Waves (80%)

Peristalic Waves (20%)

46
Q

What happens to the cardiac and pyloric sphincters during waves in the stomach?

A

They are closed

47
Q

Where in the digestive system is the greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

Small Intestine

48
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum: First 10 inches of small intestine

Jejunum

Ileum

49
Q

What is the function of the deodenum?

A

The second area of digestion if the stomach didn’t digest everything. Pancreatic glands produce enzyme to help duodenum digest rest of food.

50
Q

What is the reason that there are circular folds, villi and microvilli in the intestines?

A

Increases surgace area so that there is more room for absoption.

51
Q

What are the four cells found in the duodenum?

A

Absorptive cells: produce digestive enzymes and absorb food.

Goblet CElls: produce protective mucus

Endocrine cells: produce regulatory hormones

Granular cells: help protect from bacteria

52
Q

What changes when the duodenum changes into the jejunem and ileum?

A

Decrease in diameter, thickness of intestinal wall, number of circular folds and number of villi.

53
Q

Where is the major site of nutrient absorption in the intestines?

A

Jejunum and Ileum

54
Q

Where is the ileocecal junction?

A

Where the ileum meets the large intestine.

55
Q

What is the porta?

A

The area of the liver where vessels, ducts, nerves exit and enter the liver.

56
Q

Describe the organization of ducts in the liver.

A

Right and Left Hepatics —> Common Hepatic.

Common Hepatic + Cystic Duct —-> Common Bile

57
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Used to emulsify fat

58
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

59
Q

What are the cells that make up the liver called and what are their functions?

A

Hepatocytes

Bile production, detox, phagocytosis.

60
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store bile and release it

61
Q

What makes up the large intestine?

A

Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

62
Q

What is the movement of chyme through the large intestine?

A

Sluggish movement 18-24 hours

63
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Water, salt, vitamins and medicine.

64
Q

What is the blind sac of the large intestine that gathers chyme before it goes through the large intestine?

A

Cecum

65
Q

What are the 4 portions of the colon?

A

Ascending, Transverse, descending, sigmoid

66
Q

What are the two sphincters of the large intestine?

A

Internal anal sphincter: Involuntary control, smooth muscle

External anal sphincter: Voluntary control, skeletal muscle.

67
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas