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A&P II > Chapter 15 - Taste and Sight > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Taste and Sight Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four special senses?

A

Olfaction, Taste, Sight and Balance

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2
Q

What is Olfaction?

A

Sense of smell

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3
Q

What kind of neurons are found in the olfactory system?

A

Bipolar Neurons which have 1 axon and 1 dendrite.

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4
Q

What are the enlarged ends of the dendrites called in the olfactory neurons?

A

Olfactory Vesicles.

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5
Q

What are the three regions of the frontal lobe that affect the perception of smell?

A

Lateral Olfactory Area: Concious perception of smell

Medial Olfractory Area: Visceral and emotional reactions to smell

Intermediate Olfactory Area: affect modification of incoming information.

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6
Q

What are taste buds?

A

sensory structures, detecting gustatory stimuli.

Located primarily on “papillae”

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae?

A

Vallate: Largest, least numerous. In the middle area of tongue.

Fungiform: Mushroom-shaped. Scattered irregularly over the superior surface of tongue.

Foliate: Leaf-shaped. In folds on the sides of the tongue. Decrease in number with age.

Filiform: fiber shaped. Most numerous on the tongue surface.

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8
Q

What are the three cells that taste buds consist of?

A

Gustatory cells (sensory cells); actually are involved in taste and contain sensory cells

Basal cells (non-sensory cells); contain no sensory cells
Supporting cells (non-sensory cells); contain no sensory cells
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9
Q

What are the five types of taste types?

A

Sour: Caused by Hydrogen ions

Salty: Caused by Sodium ions

Bitter: presence of g-protein that open gated channels

Sweet: Sugars and carbs. carbs break down into sugars.

Umami: Caused by amino acids. Found in rich aged foods.

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10
Q

What things affect the perception of taste?

A

Texture

Temperature

Olfaction

Most sensitive to bitter

Many alkaloids (bitter) are poisonous.

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11
Q

What are the three neural pathways for taste?

A

Facial Nerve – from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Glossopharyngeal nerve – from posterior 1/3

Vagus nerve – from the epiglottis.

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12
Q

Describe Chorda Tympani

A

Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve and carries impulses from anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

If this branch is damaged may result in significant loss of taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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13
Q

How does information from taste get to brain?

A

Neural pathway brings information to medulla oblongata, then to the thalamus.

After that projects to taste area of cerebral cortex.

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14
Q

What are the 5 accessory structures of the visual system?

A

Eyebrows: inhibit sweat

Eyelids (palpebrae): help lubricating the eyes and protect the eyes from foreign objects.

Conjunctiva: thin transparent mucous membrane. Covers the inner eyelid and part of the eye;

Lacrimal glands: produce tears (lubrication and protection of the eye);

Extrinsic eye muscles: move the eyeball (clinical test for normal eye movement – “H” test).

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15
Q

What are the four areas of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland: produces tears to moisten, lubricate, wash. Tears pass through ducts and then over eye.

Lacrimal canaliculi: collect excess tears through openings called “puncta” in the corner of eye.

Lacrimal sac: collects excess tears to drain through nasolacrimal duct.

Nasolacrimal duct: opens into nasal cavity

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16
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Superior rectus: top muscle of eye moving eye upward.

Inferior rectus: lowest muscle of eye moving eye downward.

Lateral Rectus: outermost muscle of eye moving eye laterally.

Medial Rectus: innermost muscle of eye moving eye medially.

Superior Oblique: Top diaginal muscle of eye moving eye in circular motion.

Inferior Oblique: Bottom diaginal muscle of eye moving eye in circular motion.

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17
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Cartiledge flap that covers airway as we swallow food.

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18
Q

Why does our nose run when we cry?

A

The nose runs when we cry because the excess tears are drained through the lacrimal canaliculi via the puncta. Then they collect in the lacrimal sac where they eventually drain through the nasolacrimal duct and empty into the nasal passage.

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19
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous Tunic (outer layer): contains sclera and cornea

Vascular tunic (middle layer): choroid, ciliary body, iris. Contains most of the blood vessels in eye.

Nervous tunic (inner layer): retina

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20
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The outer white area of the eye that is made of dense collagenous connective tissue.

Maintains shape and protects internal structures of eye.

21
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The transparent front area of the eye. Its is transparent to allow light to enter the eye.

22
Q

What is the border between the sclera and the cornea called?

A

limbus

23
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored part of the eye. Contains smooth muscle around hole of pupil. Allows pupils to dilate and contrict controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

24
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

produces watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber. contains ciliary muscles that control lens shape.

25
Q

What is the choroid?

A

pigmented and contains many blood vessels.

26
Q

What is the only area of the eye that contains sensory receptors?

A

The nervous layer is the only area that has photoreceptors.

27
Q

What are the two sublayers of the Nervous layer?

A

Pigmented retina: reduce light scattering

Sensory retina: contains rod and cone cells that are sensitive to light. Only area that contains photoreceptors.

28
Q

What does the area of light focus in the retina consist of?

A

Macula Lutea and Fovea Centralis

29
Q

Describe the Macula Lutea?

A

The small yellow spot near the center of the retina.

30
Q

Describe the Fovea Centralis?

A

The dark spot in center of retina. Contains the highest area of visual ability and the most photoreceptor cells.

31
Q

What is the name of the blind spot in your eye? Why is it called the blind spot?

A

Optic Disc.

It is called the blind spot because it contains no photoreceptors and only contains a port in which blood vessels and the optic nerve enter/exit the eye.

32
Q

What are the two chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior Cavity - contains water like fluid and maintains eye shape and pressure.

Posterior Cavity - contains jelly like fluid and holds lens and retina in place.

33
Q

What are the two areas of the Anterior Cavity?

A

Anterior Chamber: area between the cornea and the iris.

Posterior Chamber: Between the iris and the lens.

34
Q

Describe the lens

A

Transparent, biconvex

Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles. Changes shape as ciliary muscles contract and relax.

The lens is surrounded by a highly elastic, transparent capsule.

35
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

wave length between 400-700 nm

36
Q

Describe convergence of light

A

light striking a convex surface bends (refracts) inward

37
Q

Describe divergence of light

A

light striking a concave surface bends (refracts) outward

38
Q

Describe the focal point and where is the ideal place for it on the retina?

A

It is the crossing point for all converging light rays. The ideal focal point is the fovea centralis.

39
Q

What is described as the normal resting condition of the lens?

A

Emmetropia

40
Q

What is the far point of vision?

A

point at which lens does not have to thicken in order to focus on an object

41
Q

What is the near point of vision?

A

The closest an object can come to eye and still be focused.

42
Q

What is it called when the lens has to change shape in order to focus an object?

A

Accomodation

43
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the retina?

A

Sensory retina- Contain all sensory receptors of the eye.

Pigmented Retina- Filled with melanin reduces light scatter.

44
Q

Describe Rods

A

A photoreceptor cell responsible for black and white vision. Found over retina but not in fovea centralis.

Has two components opsin and retinal

45
Q

Describe Cones

A

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Found mostly in fovea centralis and macula lutea.

46
Q

How does light travel through the retina?

A

The action potential first reaches the pigmented layer of the retina —> then goes through the photoreceptor layer containing rods and cones —> then the AP reaches the bipolar cells —> reaches the ganglion cells —> then transfers to the optic nerve.

47
Q

Describe the eye disorders myopia and hyperopia

A

Myopia (near-sightedness) Focal point too near lens, image focused in front of retina

Hyperopia: (Farsightedness)
Image focused behind retina

48
Q

Describe Presbyopia

A

Degeneration of lens

49
Q

Describe Cataract and Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma- Increased intraocular pressure by aqueous humor buildup

Cataract- Clouding of lens

A&P II (13 decks)

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