Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy LECTURE > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system organs

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Main organ: kidneys function

A

Filter blood plasma eliminate waste, reabsorb, useful chemicals

Regulate blood volume and pressure

Enzymes to control blood pressure and electro

Secret secret EPO

Coordinate lungs for regulation of CO2

Produce vitamin D for calcium homeostasis

Perform glucose neogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of urine

A

In 24 hours 1 to 1.8 L is produced

95% water and 5% solute

Clear and if cloudy indicates infection

Pale to deep yellow color from Euro chrome

Abnormal pink color from food indigestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Urochrome

A

Pigment from hemoglobin breakdown

more concentrated urine means deeper color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of urine and function

A

Odor: is slightly aromatic and fresh and develops ammonia odor upon standing because bacteria metabolizes solute

pH: slightly acidic of pH six lower pH for those who have protein, whole wheat, diet, and higher pH for those who are vegetarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Composition of urine, nitrogenous waste

A

Urea from amino acid breakdown is the largest solute

Uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism

Creatine metabolite of creatine phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The order of nitrogenous waste

A

Urea cl na k po4 so4 creatine, uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urine should not contain

A

Amino acids, glucose cells or large plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urinary bladder function

A

Smooth, collapsible muscular sack temporarily stores urine holds 500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urinary bladder trigon 3 openings

A

Three openings 2 from the ureters and one to the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes up Urinary bladder wall

A

Detrusor muscle
Mucosa
Walls are thick and folded into empty bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Three layers of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucosa

A

Transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Involuntary and bladder urethra junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Voluntary muscle and surrounding urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Micturition: and pathway

A

Voiding urine

Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding

Renal tubules to Renal pelvis to ureter to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Kidney features

A

Right kidney is slightly lower than the left

Renal hilum medial indentation contains ureter, renal blood vessels and nerves

Adrenal gland on top of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Papilla

A

Releases urine to minor calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnel shaped tube, continuous with ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Renal blood flow

A

20% cardiac output passes through the kidneys each minute through the renal artery and renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones in renal pelvis, which are crystallized, calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Large stones…

A

Blocks the ureter and causes pressure and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment for kidney stones

A

Shockwave lithotripsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Formation of urine by the kidneys maintains

A

Fluid volumes by regulating salt, balance, and osmolarity by regulating water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In the urinary system, the kidney is specialized for…

A

Filtration, reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does control of external urethral sphincter start?

A

Not until 18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Muscle taht we control to retain urine is

A

External urethral sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why women are more exposed to uti

A

Women have shorter urethra that is more expose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Glomerouslus to glomelular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reabsorbtion

A

TuRubles to peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secretion

A

Peritubular cappilaries to tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Excretion

A

Tubules to out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nephrons and parts

A

Units if the kidney

Renal corpuscule

Renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Renal corpuscule

A

Glomerlus with capillary bed
Glomeruslus capsule (bowman capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Nephron loop(loop of henle)

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Located in cortex

Common nephrons

Short loop henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Deep into medulla

Forming papillae

Long loop henele

Important for concentration gradient in medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Glomeular capsule histology

A

Podocyte taht surround capillaries to allow things inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule histology

A

Microvili and infolded plasma memebrane more for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Loop of henle histology

A

Thinner cells simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Collecting duct histology

A

Principle cells and intercalated cells simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Vasa recta

A

Only juxtamedullary nephrons follows loop of henele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Renal corpuscule histology

A

Made of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Febestrated capillaries surrounded by podocytes forming filtration slits

Simple squamous form parietal wall of bowman capsule

Slits allow for flow of plasma like fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Glomerulus contain

A

Capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Glomerous fed by

A

Afferent Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Glomerous drain by

A

Efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Afferent arterial from

A

From Cortical radiate artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Efferent arterial to

A

To Peri tubular capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

High-pressure all allows fluid and…

A

Small solids into the glomerular capsule as filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is

A

20% of renal plasma flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

From afferent Arterioles of glomerulus push

A

Push plasma filtrate into bowman capsule like blood except large proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Volume of filtrate from Glomar capillary to capsular space depends on 4 net filtration pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure glomerular capillaries

Oncotic pressure glomerular capillaries

Hydrostatic pressure Bowman space

Oncotic pressure Bowman space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Normal mean blood pressure maintain

A

Constant GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Juxaglomear apparatus senses

A

Senses and respond tk blood pressure (juxa cells sense stuff through mechanoreceptors) and blood electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Macula densa of dct senses

A

Electrolytes through chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

GFR maintained through

A

Auto regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Auto regulations

A

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Myogenic mechanisms

A

Simulate stretch receptors on afferent Arterioles by negative feedback loop by smooth muscle stimulation

Using juxaglomeular cells

60
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

Uses chemoreceptors

Chemical senses by macular densa cells trigger paracrine release for smooth muscle stimulation

61
Q

VasoConstruction of afferent arterial increases resistance, and…

A

Decreases renal blood flow, capillary, blood pressure and GFR

62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system neural control of GFR regulation

A

Vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent Arterioles

63
Q

GFR regulation hormonal control

A

Renin angio aldosterone system

Atrial natriuretic peptide vasodilation Les afferent Arterioles

64
Q

Tubular reabsorbtion what it regulates , reabsorbs, and filter without what

A

Allows regulation of homeostasis

Reaborb : water, glucose , amino acid. Ions

Rapid elimination through filtration without reabsorb

65
Q

Mostly localized in proximal convoluted tube

A

Tubular reabsorbtion

66
Q

Descending limb and ascending limb permeability and impermeability

A

Descending limb: permeable to water impermeable to ions

Ascending : permeable to ions impermeable to to water

67
Q

Ions coming in PCT lumen makes osmolarity

A

High (salty)

68
Q

How can high osmolarity be lowered after ions come in pct lumen

A

Bringing in water

69
Q

Osmolarity: Filtrate =

A

= ECF (ISF, IVF)

70
Q

when arterial pressure decreases Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)? what happens to (NaCl) and water reabsorption at the proximal tubule

A

increases

71
Q

How does a decrease in nacl delivery at the macula densa affect paracrine secretion?

A

decreases

72
Q

What happens to blood vessel constriction when arterial pressure decreases?

A

Vasoconstriction decreases

73
Q

What happens to the resistance of blood flow to the kidneys when arterial pressure decreases?

A

Resistance decreases, allowing more blood flow.

74
Q

What happens to the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) when more blood flows into the glomerulus?

A

HPgc increases

75
Q

How does decreased resistance affect the afferent arteriolar blood flow?

A

fferent arteriolar blood flow increases.

76
Q

What happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases?

A

GFR increases (normal)

77
Q

When GFR decreases a mechanism will…

A

increases Hydrostatic Pressure in
the glomerular corpuscle (HPgc).

78
Q

What happens to renin release when the macula densa detects less NaCl?

A

increases

79
Q

How does renin affect the level of angiotensin II?

A

increases

80
Q

How does vasoconstriction affect the efferent arteriolar blood flow?

A

Efferent arteriolar blood flow decreases.

81
Q

What happens to blood vessels when angiotensin II levels increase?

A

Vasoconstriction increases.

82
Q

What happens to hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) when blood flow through the efferent arteriole decreases?

A

HPgc increaes.

83
Q

What is the effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases?

A

GFR increases.

84
Q

What happens to aldosterone levels when angiotensin II increases?

A

Aldosterone levels increase.

85
Q

renin

A

converts angiotensinogen to
Angiotensin I and is converted to angiotensin II.

86
Q

angiotensin II.

A

narrows your blood vessels and stimulates the release of aldosterone

87
Q

Aldosterone

A

helps the kidneys retain more sodium, which leads to water retention. also works with vassoprssin

88
Q

How does aldosterone affect sodium transporters in the kidney?

A

It increases the number of sodium transporters in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct (CD

89
Q

What happens to water retention when sodium reabsorption increases?

A

Water retention increases as more water follows the sodium.

90
Q

How does increased water retention affect blood volume?

A

It increases blood volume, which helps raise or maintain blood pressure.

91
Q

Aldosterone increases…

A

blood volume

92
Q

The filtrate that enters the proximal convoluted tubule is composed primarily of:

A

plasma

93
Q

The function of the ureters is to

A

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

94
Q

Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the _______

A

Bowman’s capsule

95
Q

A glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the

A

renal corpuscle

96
Q

Vassopressin

A

: anti diuretic Produced by hypothalamus
Released by pituitary gland

expressed when h20 low

increase h20 in dct and cd (usually impermeable to water),

Works with aldosterone

97
Q

Artial natriretic peptide (diuretic)

A

Produced by special atrial cells in heart when myocardium is stretched by plasma and decrease na reabsorbtion

Inhibit sympathetic nervous system increasing gfr

98
Q

How to treat hypertension

A

Decrease blood volume by using a diuretic to inhibit reabsorption of sodium

99
Q

What inhibitors drugs can treat hypertension

A

Angiotensin convertade enzyme reduces angiotensin

Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction

100
Q

What receptor blockers to treat hypertension

A

Aldosterone receptor blockers

Aldesterone usually promote na channel and water which we don’t want when decreasing hypertension

101
Q

Can anp agonist treat hypertension

A

Yes and it’s diuretic

102
Q

What happens if vasopressin is not expressed

A

It will cause low blood pressure bc water reabsorbtion isn’t happening

103
Q

Tubular secretion

A

From Perry tubular capillaries into Reno tubules

Discreetly transport, potassium, hydrogen, ions, phosphate, creatine

If there’s anything left over in Reno tubule, it will move towards the ureter

104
Q

Tubular, secretion, hydrogen ion balancing

A

H plus is secreted by the PCTDCTNCD and depends on acidity of body fluids -

105
Q

Type a intercalated cell

A

Function in acidosis get rid of h plus and reabsorb HCO3 and k

106
Q

B Intercalated cell

A

Function in alkalosis reabsorb H plus and get rid of HCO3

107
Q

Postassium ion balancing

A

When k is high membrane more permeable

K absorbed by pct and secreated by dct and cd

Increases with aldosterone

108
Q

Amount of substance excreted =

A

Amount filtered - amount reaborsed + amount secreted

109
Q

Dilute urine (large volume) is

A

produced if water intake
is excessive
Concentrated (lower volume) urine is produced if large
amounts of water are lost (sweating/dehydration)

110
Q

osmoality

A

ability to cause osmosis

111
Q

Kidneys maintain osmolality of… and depends on

A

plasma at ~300 mOsm/kg Countercurrent multiplier
Countercurrent exchanger

112
Q

COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM

A

Fluid flows in opposite directions in two
adjacent segments of the same tub

113
Q

Countercurrent multiplier –

A

interaction of filtrate flow in descending and ascending limb

initiates the medullary osmolar gradient
⇒ necessary for concentration of urine
by juxtamedullary nephron loop

114
Q

contercurrent multiplier explained

A

ascending limb has low concentration relases na out and create HIGH concetration outside.

descending limb relases water out and causes concentration of na to build inside limb

desceending limb trasfer high concentration down loop and low concentration in aseding goes out to DCT

concentration keeps building high and higher until it reaches max of 1200

115
Q

countercurrent exchanger

A

Blood flow in ascending/descending limbs
of vasa recta
helps maintain the medullary osmolar gradient

116
Q

countercurrent exchanger explained

A

water comes out desending limb and concentratate inside and the asending limb relases na and it goes into low concentration blood supply

water gets picked by by blood supply from descing limb blood concentration decreases

117
Q

PASSIVE TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF WATER

A

Driven by movement of Na + and other
solutes
⚫ osmotic gradient in medullary interstitial
fluid

118
Q

The DCT and the collecting duct are only permeable to water if…

A

Aldosterone and vasopressin

119
Q

Aquaporins

A

For water recovery and osmotic gradient

Always present in PCT
⚫ Inserted in collecting ducts only if
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) present.

120
Q

Vp present means ( for concentration)

A

Cells express aqaporins the medullary osmotic gradient, allow CD to concentrate
Urine

121
Q

Without vasopressin, (in urine concentration)

A

the collecting ducts are impermeable to water, meaning water is not reabsorbed, and the urine remains dilute as it exits the body.

122
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) is triggered when

A

↗ osmolality( high salt in body )

123
Q

Blood composition depends on

A

Diet
Cellular metabolism
Urine output

124
Q

Kidneys have four roles in maintaining blood composition

A

Excretion of wastes
Maintaining water balance
of the blood
Maintaining electrolyte
balance of the blood
Ensuring proper blood pH 3

125
Q

Water balance is mainly regulated by adjustments in sodium
reabsorption through

A

Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

126
Q

Aldosterone is triggered when

A

Blood volume & BP↘
→ reabsorbs Na+ (which reabsorbs water) → BV ↗

127
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide secreted when

A

BV/BP↗

128
Q

Salt balance is mainly regulated by adjustments in water
reabsorption through

A

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic)

129
Q

Diuresis

A

process urine production

130
Q

Diuretic

A

promotes urine production

131
Q

Antidiuretic inhibit and produced by

A

urine formation
Reabsorption of water
Produced by neurosecretory cells originating in
hypothalamus

132
Q

ADH REGULATION
o Primary stimulus for release

A

is ↑ plasma

Decrease bp ir bv

133
Q

Negative feedback of increase of osmolarity

A

osmorecptors activated
adh secretion increase
kidney CD release aquporin’water reabsorbtion increases

134
Q

negative feedback decrease in BLOOD PRESSURE AND VOLUME

A

frequency of action potential decrease
adh secretion increase
water reabsorbtion increases

135
Q

Rise in osmolality

A

Stimulates thirst
ADH release

136
Q

Increases in MAP to
more than 180 mm Hg

A

↑ GFR → ↑ water filtered and excreted

137
Q

ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS Three lines of defense

A

Buffering of hydrogen ions (almost
instant)
Respiratory compensation (minutes)
Renal compensation (hours to
days)

138
Q

Buffers are molecules that react to

A

prevent dramatic changes in
hydrogen ion (H + ) concentrations

139
Q

BLOOD BUFFERS

A

Bicarbonate buffer system:

Phosphate buffer system

  • Hydrogen phosphate → dihydrogen phosphate

Protein buffer system:
protein - + H + ↔ HᐧProtein

140
Q

What buffer is found in erythrocytes?

A

Bicarbonate in RBC

141
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONTROLS

Increase or decrease ph

Hypoventilation will

Hyperventilation will

A

Decrease ph

Increase
,
Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing
blood pH

142
Q

RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION

Regulates pH by varying ventilation

low ventilation
high ventilation

Increases or decrease plasma ?

A

Increase

Decrease

143
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Plasma and ph increase or decreae

A

Plasma increase

Ph decrease

144
Q

Renal Compensation:

A

Regulates pH, or plasma of blood by adjusting levels of bicarbonate

145
Q

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS LOW PH and how does compensation help

A

Decrease pH through something other than carbon dioxide

Respiratory compensation hyperventilation

Renal compensation, using intercalated a cells at the collecting duct

146
Q

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS HIGH PH and how does compensation help?

A

Increase pH through something other than CO 2
(usually high free bicarbonate)

Excessive vomiting (loss of hydrogen ions from the
stomach acid)

Respiratory compensation by low ventilation to decrease pH

Renal compensation using inter collated bee cells at collecting duct

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions