URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary system organs
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
2
Q
Main organ: kidneys function
A
Filter blood plasma eliminate waste, reabsorb, useful chemicals
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Enzymes to control blood pressure and electro
Secret secret EPO
Coordinate lungs for regulation of CO2
Produce vitamin D for calcium homeostasis
Perform glucose neogenesis
3
Q
Characteristics of urine
A
In 24 hours 1 to 1.8 L is produced
95% water and 5% solute
Clear and if cloudy indicates infection
Pale to deep yellow color from Euro chrome
Abnormal pink color from food indigestion
4
Q
Urochrome
A
Pigment from hemoglobin breakdown
more concentrated urine means deeper color
5
Q
Characteristics of urine and function
A
Odor: is slightly aromatic and fresh and develops ammonia odor upon standing because bacteria metabolizes solute
pH: slightly acidic of pH six lower pH for those who have protein, whole wheat, diet, and higher pH for those who are vegetarian
6
Q
Composition of urine, nitrogenous waste
A
Urea from amino acid breakdown is the largest solute
Uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism
Creatine metabolite of creatine phosphate
7
Q
The order of nitrogenous waste
A
Urea cl na k po4 so4 creatine, uric acid
8
Q
Urine should not contain
A
Amino acids, glucose cells or large plasma proteins
9
Q
Urinary bladder function
A
Smooth, collapsible muscular sack temporarily stores urine holds 500 mL
10
Q
Urinary bladder trigon 3 openings
A
Three openings 2 from the ureters and one to the urethra
11
Q
What makes up Urinary bladder wall
A
Detrusor muscle
Mucosa
Walls are thick and folded into empty bladder
12
Q
Detrusor muscle
A
Three layers of smooth muscle
13
Q
Mucosa
A
Transitional epithelium
14
Q
Internal urethral sphincter
A
Involuntary and bladder urethra junction
15
Q
External urethral sphincter
A
Voluntary muscle and surrounding urethra
16
Q
Micturition: and pathway
A
Voiding urine
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding
Renal tubules to Renal pelvis to ureter to bladder
17
Q
Kidney features
A
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left
Renal hilum medial indentation contains ureter, renal blood vessels and nerves
Adrenal gland on top of the kidney
18
Q
Papilla
A
Releases urine to minor calyx
19
Q
Renal pelvis
A
Funnel shaped tube, continuous with ureter
20
Q
Renal blood flow
A
20% cardiac output passes through the kidneys each minute through the renal artery and renal vein
21
Q
Renal calculi
A
Kidney stones in renal pelvis, which are crystallized, calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts
22
Q
Large stones…
A
Blocks the ureter and causes pressure and pain
23
Q
Treatment for kidney stones
A
Shockwave lithotripsy
24
Q
Formation of urine by the kidneys maintains
A
Fluid volumes by regulating salt, balance, and osmolarity by regulating water balance
25
In the urinary system, the kidney is specialized for…
Filtration, reabsorption and secretion
26
When does control of external urethral sphincter start?
Not until 18 months
27
Muscle taht we control to retain urine is
External urethral sphincter
28
Why women are more exposed to uti
Women have shorter urethra that is more expose
29
Glomerular filtration
Glomerouslus to glomelular capsule
30
Reabsorbtion
TuRubles to peritubular capillaries
31
Secretion
Peritubular cappilaries to tubules
32
Excretion
Tubules to out of body
33
Nephrons and parts
Units if the kidney
Renal corpuscule
Renal tubule
34
Renal corpuscule
Glomerlus with capillary bed
Glomeruslus capsule (bowman capsule)
35
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron loop(loop of henle)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
36
Types of nephrons
Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons
37
Cortical nephrons
Located in cortex
Common nephrons
Short loop henle
38
juxtamedullary nephrons
Deep into medulla
Forming papillae
Long loop henele
Important for concentration gradient in medulla
39
Glomeular capsule histology
Podocyte taht surround capillaries to allow things inside
40
Proximal convoluted tubule histology
Microvili and infolded plasma memebrane more for absorption
41
Loop of henle histology
Thinner cells simple squamous
42
Collecting duct histology
Principle cells and intercalated cells simple cuboidal
43
Vasa recta
Only juxtamedullary nephrons follows loop of henele
44
Renal corpuscule histology
Made of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
Febestrated capillaries surrounded by podocytes forming filtration slits
Simple squamous form parietal wall of bowman capsule
Slits allow for flow of plasma like fluid
45
Glomerulus contain
Capillary beds
46
Glomerous fed by
Afferent Arterioles
47
Glomerous drain by
Efferent arteriole
48
Afferent arterial from
From Cortical radiate artery
49
Efferent arterial to
To Peri tubular capillary
50
High-pressure all allows fluid and…
Small solids into the glomerular capsule as filtrate
51
Glomerular filtration rate is
20% of renal plasma flow
52
From afferent Arterioles of glomerulus push
Push plasma filtrate into bowman capsule like blood except large proteins
53
Volume of filtrate from Glomar capillary to capsular space depends on 4 net filtration pressure
Hydrostatic pressure glomerular capillaries
Oncotic pressure glomerular capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure Bowman space
Oncotic pressure Bowman space
54
Normal mean blood pressure maintain
Constant GFR
55
Juxaglomear apparatus senses
Senses and respond tk blood pressure (juxa cells sense stuff through mechanoreceptors) and blood electrolyte
56
Macula densa of dct senses
Electrolytes through chemoreceptors
57
GFR maintained through
Auto regulation
58
Auto regulations
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms
59
Myogenic mechanisms
Simulate stretch receptors on afferent Arterioles by negative feedback loop by smooth muscle stimulation
Using juxaglomeular cells
60
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
Uses chemoreceptors
Chemical senses by macular densa cells trigger paracrine release for smooth muscle stimulation
61
VasoConstruction of afferent arterial increases resistance, and…
Decreases renal blood flow, capillary, blood pressure and GFR
62
Sympathetic nervous system neural control of GFR regulation
Vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent Arterioles
63
GFR regulation hormonal control
Renin angio aldosterone system
Atrial natriuretic peptide vasodilation Les afferent Arterioles
64
Tubular reabsorbtion what it regulates , reabsorbs, and filter without what
Allows regulation of homeostasis
Reaborb : water, glucose , amino acid. Ions
Rapid elimination through filtration without reabsorb
65
Mostly localized in proximal convoluted tube
Tubular reabsorbtion
66
Descending limb and ascending limb permeability and impermeability
Descending limb: permeable to water impermeable to ions
Ascending : permeable to ions impermeable to to water
67
Ions coming in PCT lumen makes osmolarity
High (salty)
68
How can high osmolarity be lowered after ions come in pct lumen
Bringing in water
69
Osmolarity: Filtrate =
= ECF (ISF, IVF)
70
when arterial pressure decreases Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)? what happens to (NaCl) and water reabsorption at the proximal tubule
increases
71
How does a decrease in nacl delivery at the macula densa affect paracrine secretion?
decreases
72
What happens to blood vessel constriction when arterial pressure decreases?
Vasoconstriction decreases
73
What happens to the resistance of blood flow to the kidneys when arterial pressure decreases?
Resistance decreases, allowing more blood flow.
74
What happens to the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) when more blood flows into the glomerulus?
HPgc increases
75
How does decreased resistance affect the afferent arteriolar blood flow?
fferent arteriolar blood flow increases.
76
What happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases?
GFR increases (normal)
77
When GFR decreases a mechanism will...
increases Hydrostatic Pressure in
the glomerular corpuscle (HPgc).
78
What happens to renin release when the macula densa detects less NaCl?
increases
79
How does renin affect the level of angiotensin II?
increases
80
How does vasoconstriction affect the efferent arteriolar blood flow?
Efferent arteriolar blood flow decreases.
81
What happens to blood vessels when angiotensin II levels increase?
Vasoconstriction increases.
82
What happens to hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) when blood flow through the efferent arteriole decreases?
HPgc increaes.
83
What is the effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases?
GFR increases.
84
What happens to aldosterone levels when angiotensin II increases?
Aldosterone levels increase.
85
renin
converts angiotensinogen to
Angiotensin I and is converted to angiotensin II.
86
angiotensin II.
narrows your blood vessels and stimulates the release of aldosterone
87
Aldosterone
helps the kidneys retain more sodium, which leads to water retention. also works with vassoprssin
88
How does aldosterone affect sodium transporters in the kidney?
It increases the number of sodium transporters in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct (CD
89
What happens to water retention when sodium reabsorption increases?
Water retention increases as more water follows the sodium.
90
How does increased water retention affect blood volume?
It increases blood volume, which helps raise or maintain blood pressure.
91
Aldosterone increases...
blood volume
92
The filtrate that enters the proximal convoluted tubule is composed primarily of:
plasma
93
The function of the ureters is to
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
94
Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the _______
Bowman's capsule
95
A glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the
renal corpuscle
96
Vassopressin
: anti diuretic Produced by hypothalamus
Released by pituitary gland
expressed when h20 low
increase h20 in dct and cd (usually impermeable to water),
Works with aldosterone
97
Artial natriretic peptide (diuretic)
Produced by special atrial cells in heart when myocardium is stretched by plasma and decrease na reabsorbtion
Inhibit sympathetic nervous system increasing gfr
98
How to treat hypertension
Decrease blood volume by using a diuretic to inhibit reabsorption of sodium
99
What inhibitors drugs can treat hypertension
Angiotensin convertade enzyme reduces angiotensin
Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction
100
What receptor blockers to treat hypertension
Aldosterone receptor blockers
Aldesterone usually promote na channel and water which we don’t want when decreasing hypertension
101
Can anp agonist treat hypertension
Yes and it’s diuretic
102
What happens if vasopressin is not expressed
It will cause low blood pressure bc water reabsorbtion isn’t happening
103
Tubular secretion
From Perry tubular capillaries into Reno tubules
Discreetly transport, potassium, hydrogen, ions, phosphate, creatine
If there’s anything left over in Reno tubule, it will move towards the ureter
104
Tubular, secretion, hydrogen ion balancing
H plus is secreted by the PCTDCTNCD and depends on acidity of body fluids -
105
Type a intercalated cell
Function in acidosis get rid of h plus and reabsorb HCO3 and k
106
B Intercalated cell
Function in alkalosis reabsorb H plus and get rid of HCO3
107
Postassium ion balancing
When k is high membrane more permeable
K absorbed by pct and secreated by dct and cd
Increases with aldosterone
108
Amount of substance excreted =
Amount filtered - amount reaborsed + amount secreted
109
Dilute urine (large volume) is
produced if water intake
is excessive
Concentrated (lower volume) urine is produced if large
amounts of water are lost (sweating/dehydration)
110
osmoality
ability to cause osmosis
111
Kidneys maintain osmolality of... and depends on
plasma at ~300 mOsm/kg Countercurrent multiplier
Countercurrent exchanger
112
COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM
Fluid flows in opposite directions in two
adjacent segments of the same tub
113
Countercurrent multiplier –
interaction of filtrate flow in descending and ascending limb
initiates the medullary osmolar gradient
⇒ necessary for concentration of urine
by juxtamedullary nephron loop
114
contercurrent multiplier explained
ascending limb has low concentration relases na out and create HIGH concetration outside.
descending limb relases water out and causes concentration of na to build inside limb
desceending limb trasfer high concentration down loop and low concentration in aseding goes out to DCT
concentration keeps building high and higher until it reaches max of 1200
115
countercurrent exchanger
Blood flow in ascending/descending limbs
of vasa recta
helps maintain the medullary osmolar gradient
116
countercurrent exchanger explained
water comes out desending limb and concentratate inside and the asending limb relases na and it goes into low concentration blood supply
water gets picked by by blood supply from descing limb blood concentration decreases
117
PASSIVE TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF WATER
Driven by movement of Na + and other
solutes
⚫ osmotic gradient in medullary interstitial
fluid
118
The DCT and the collecting duct are only permeable to water if…
Aldosterone and vasopressin
119
Aquaporins
For water recovery and osmotic gradient
Always present in PCT
⚫ Inserted in collecting ducts only if
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) present.
120
Vp present means ( for concentration)
Cells express aqaporins the medullary osmotic gradient, allow CD to concentrate
Urine
121
Without vasopressin, (in urine concentration)
the collecting ducts are impermeable to water, meaning water is not reabsorbed, and the urine remains dilute as it exits the body.
122
Vasopressin (ADH) is triggered when
↗ osmolality( high salt in body )
123
Blood composition depends on
Diet
Cellular metabolism
Urine output
124
Kidneys have four roles in maintaining blood composition
Excretion of wastes
Maintaining water balance
of the blood
Maintaining electrolyte
balance of the blood
Ensuring proper blood pH 3
125
Water balance is mainly regulated by adjustments in sodium
reabsorption through
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
126
Aldosterone is triggered when
Blood volume & BP↘
→ reabsorbs Na+ (which reabsorbs water) → BV ↗
127
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide secreted when
BV/BP↗
128
Salt balance is mainly regulated by adjustments in water
reabsorption through
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic)
129
Diuresis
process urine production
130
Diuretic
promotes urine production
131
Antidiuretic inhibit and produced by
urine formation
Reabsorption of water
Produced by neurosecretory cells originating in
hypothalamus
132
ADH REGULATION
o Primary stimulus for release
is ↑ plasma
Decrease bp ir bv
133
Negative feedback of increase of osmolarity
osmorecptors activated
adh secretion increase
kidney CD release aquporin'water reabsorbtion increases
134
negative feedback decrease in BLOOD PRESSURE AND VOLUME
frequency of action potential decrease
adh secretion increase
water reabsorbtion increases
135
Rise in osmolality
Stimulates thirst
ADH release
136
Increases in MAP to
more than 180 mm Hg
↑ GFR → ↑ water filtered and excreted
137
ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS Three lines of defense
Buffering of hydrogen ions (almost
instant)
Respiratory compensation (minutes)
Renal compensation (hours to
days)
138
Buffers are molecules that react to
prevent dramatic changes in
hydrogen ion (H + ) concentrations
139
BLOOD BUFFERS
Bicarbonate buffer system:
Phosphate buffer system
- Hydrogen phosphate → dihydrogen phosphate
Protein buffer system:
protein - + H + ↔ HᐧProtein
140
What buffer is found in erythrocytes?
Bicarbonate in RBC
141
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONTROLS
Increase or decrease ph
Hypoventilation will
Hyperventilation will
Decrease ph
Increase
,
Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing
blood pH
142
RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
Regulates pH by varying ventilation
low ventilation
high ventilation
Increases or decrease plasma ?
Increase
Decrease
143
Respiratory acidosis
Plasma and ph increase or decreae
Plasma increase
Ph decrease
144
Renal Compensation:
Regulates pH, or plasma of blood by adjusting levels of bicarbonate
145
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS LOW PH and how does compensation help
Decrease pH through something other than carbon dioxide
Respiratory compensation hyperventilation
Renal compensation, using intercalated a cells at the collecting duct
146
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS HIGH PH and how does compensation help?
Increase pH through something other than CO 2
(usually high free bicarbonate)
Excessive vomiting (loss of hydrogen ions from the
stomach acid)
Respiratory compensation by low ventilation to decrease pH
Renal compensation using inter collated bee cells at collecting duct
