BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
What type of tissue is blood?
A
Connective
2
Q
Is blood a specialized connective tissue?
A
Yes
3
Q
How much percentage is the human body full of water?
A
50 to 60%
4
Q
Percentages of intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and intravascular fluid in the body
A
Intracellular fluid is 67%
Interstitial fluid is 25%, which is fluid in the tissue
Intravascular body fluid in the vessels 8%
5
Q
What makes up the extracellular fluid and how much percentage is it?
A
It is the interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid and it makes up 33% of the body
6
Q
How many percent is the total body weight of the body blood?
A
8%
7
Q
How many liters of blood do males and females have?
A
Males 5 to 6 L
Females 4 to 5 L
8
Q
Color variation, in terms of high O2 and low O2
A
High O2 will be a scarlet color
Low O2 will be a dark red color
9
Q
What is the pH of blood?
A
7.35 to 7.45
10
Q
Acidosis
A
pH below seven
11
Q
Function of blood
A
Distributes, oxygen and CO2 and micro nutrients and gets rid of waste
12
Q
What does blood regulate?
A
Eliminates CO2 and protect the body
13
Q
Blood composition
A
Plasma formed elements
14
Q
Plasma
A
Nonliving fluid matrix that contains clotting factors
15
Q
Formed elements is living …
A
Living blood cells
16
Q
Types of formed elements
A
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
17
Q
Erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells
18
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells known as the only real so that has mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and more
19
Q
Platelets and another name for it
A
Thrombocytes which helped to create clots and also known as cell fragments
20
Q
What is the percentage of plasma the buffy coat and erythrocytes after blood is put in a centrifuge
A
At the bottom is erythrocytes with 45% and at the top is plasma which is 55% of the blood and then in the middle is one percent which is the puffy coat
21
Q
What are some of the dissolved solutes in plasma?
A
Nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, proteins, and in organic ions
22
Q
Plasma proteins, most abundant solutes are
A
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
AGF
23
Q
Albumin function
A
Osmotic balance, and buffers pH
24
Q
Globulin function
A
Immune response and lipid transport
25
Fibrinogen function
Helps with blood clotting and proteins that create fibers
26
Oncotic pressure
Force that occurs when plasma proteins and blood pull water back into the capillary
27
How many percent does leukocytes make up the total blood volume?
One percent
28
Function of leukocytes
Defense against diseases
29
Diapedesis
It was white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area in case of injuries
30
How long do leukocytes live?
Hours days or decades
31
Types of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
32
Granulocytes
Visible cytoplasmic granules, such as neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils
33
Neutrophil, color and acidity
Both reddish and purple and it’s neutral
34
Eosinophil, color and acidity
Reddish and acidic
35
Basophil color and acidity
Purple and basic
36
A Granulocytes
No visible cytoplasmic granules,
37
Types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes, which is mostly a nucleus and monocytes
38
Neutrophil
A.k.a. PMN or polys very phagocytic
39
Eosinophils
Lysosome like granules and deals with allergies asthma in general immune responses
Antihistamine
40
Basophils
Granules contain histamine
41
Histamine
Inflammatory, chemical and vasodilator and increases white blood cells to inflamed areas
42
Lymphocytes
Mostly in lymphoid tissue and has T cells and b cells
43
T cells
Against virus, infected cells, and tumor cells
44
B cells
They mature the bone marrow and produce antibodies
45
Monocytes
Leaves circulation and enters tissues, which are macrophages
Actively phagocytic cells
Activate lymphocytes
46
What is leukocyte formation called?
Leukopoiesis
47
Lymphoid stem cells make what
Lymphocytes
48
Myeloid stem cells make what
They create committed cells called myoblast which creates myocyte and then creates granulocytes
49
Platelets example
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
Act in clotting process aka thrombosis
50
Granules examples
Serotonin, calcium enzymes, ADP platelet driven growth, factor, and much more
51
Normal amount of platelets
15000 to 400,000 platelets
52
Platelets lifespan
Age quickly and degenerate in about 10 days
53
How is platelet formation regulated?
Thrombopoietin
54
Erythrocytes
Simple concave disc doesn’t do protein synthesis
55
What are erythrocytes filled with?
Hemoglobin for gas, transport and plasma membrane, protein called spectrin and other proteins
56
How many blood cells are there?
4 to 6,000,000 in a body
57
Hemoglob bines, how with oxygen
Irreversibly with oxygen
58
What does the hemoglobin structure consist of?
Globin (Two alpha and two beta poly peptide chain) and four heme groups
59
Hemoglobin functions
O2 loading in lungs producing oxyhemoglobin
02 unloading in tissues producing the oxy hemoglobin
CO2 and tissues which is carb globin and CO2 binds to hemoglobin in the blood
60
Structure and function of erythrocytes
Biconcave shape,
97% hemoglobin
no mitochondria and aerobic ATP production
doesn’t consume oxygen they only transport
61
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation in red bone marrow, and adults such as humorous and femur
62
Hematopoietic stems of a.k.a. hemocytoblast give rise to …
Give rise to all formed elements (blood cells)
63
Process of erythrapoiesis red blood cell production
Hematopoietic stem cell -> myeloid -> proethroblast -> basophilic Ethroblast -> orthochromatic erythroblast -> reticulocyte-> erythrocytes
64
Hematocrit
Percent of blood volume that is red blood cells
65
What does low hematocrit mean?
Not enough healthy, red blood cells, which can be anemia
Hi number of white blood cells can be long-term illness
66
What can high hematocrit tell us ?
There may be some dehydration, a disease or a long in heart disease, cause low oxygen and blood sugars red blood cell production
67
Polycythemia vera
Bone marrow disease that creates too many red blood cells
68
How to calculate hematocrit
Volume of red blood cells over volume of total blood times 100
69
What is the difference between human and horseshoe crab blood and explain the difference in color
They have less oxygen because they’re underwater and instead of using iron to carry oxygen around like in humans they use copper which is blue
70
Hypoxia
Low oxygen
71
Two few red blood cells causes
Tissue hypoxia
72
Too many blood cells causes
High hematocrit and high blood viscosity
73
Balance, production, and destruction of red blood cells need
Hormonal controls
and nutrient access from iron amino acids and b vitamins
74
What does iron do in the blood?
Carries oxygen around in the blood
75
Can you have a normal hematocrit but still being hypoxia?
Technically, yes, because you can have a problem using the oxygen instead of a problem with creating the oxygen
76
Why do male have higher red blood count?
Because testosterone enhances ethtropoietin production
77
What’s the feedback loop when the body is in hypoxia?
It is negative feedback Loop
78
How to fix a negative feedback hypoxia
Kidney releases ethropoietin, and then it stimulates the red bone marrow, and enhances et poises increasing the red blood counts, and then blood can carry more oxygen to get back into balance
79
Do patients on dialysis have a high red blood count or low?
Low
80
Why going up into higher areas of the world like mountains, cause hypoxia?
Lower oxygen levels, causing tissue hypoxia
Production of more red blood cells increasing hematocrit
Therefore, causing thicker blood increasing the viscosity which increases higher chance of blocking arteries
81
Effects of etherpoises
Rapid maturation of committed marrow cells
Increase circulation of reticulate count, and one to two days
82
Destruction of a erythrocytes
And recycling
Old red blood cells become fragile and hemoglobin begins to degenerate
Gets trapped in smaller circular channels, like in the spleen
Macrophages in the dying blood cells through phago cytosis
83
What happens to the hemoglobin in the destruction and recycling
It breaks into Heme and globin
84
What does globin breakdown into and what happens to it in destruction and recycling?
Amino acids and it’s released to be taken by other red blood cells that are already in the blood
85
What does heme break down into
Bilirubin and iron
86
What happens to iron from the heme
It is reused and stored in the liver to be taken up by the blood as needed for ethryopoiesis
87
What happens to bilirubin from heme
It’s picked up by the liver and then it’s secreted into the intestines where it’s degraded into a pigment that leaves the body as feces and other raw materials are made available for making blood
88
Erythrocyte disorders
Anemia
Polycythemia vera
Secondary polycythemia
89
Anemia function and main causes
Blood has abnormally low oxygen, carrying capacity
Blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction, hemoglobin abnormalities
90
Renal anemia reason and how to treat it
Lack of EPO
Cheated with synthetic EPO
91
Hyperplasia
Cell has capacity to multiply and divide
92
A plastic anemia function and treatment
Destruction or inhibition of red marrow from chemicals radiation viruses
Treated short term with transfusions and long-term with transplant themselves
93
Hemolytic anemia
Premature RBC lens caused by hemoglobin abnormal, compatible transfusions, infections
94
Thalassemia has what ancestry , and the cause
Mediterranean ancestry
One global chain is absent or faulty
RBCs, thin and delicate
95
Sickle cell, anemia cause and what ancestry
One amino acid is wrong in the globin, beta chain of hemoglobin
RBCs are crescent shaped when low with oxygen in the blood and ruptures easily
Prevalent in African countries
96
Why is sickle cell anemia more prevalent in African countries?
there’s a high presence of malaria in Africa to counteract that more people got sickle cell anemia because that means that the malaria parasite cannot easily mature in the blood because of its shape, but that meant that blood cells were more fragile and easier to break
97
Polycythemia Vera
Bone marrow cancer, causing excess RBCs and increased blood viscosity
98
Secondary polycythemia
Less O2 available in higher altitudes or EPO production increases making higher R BC count
Lower plasma or blood doping
99
What is blood doping?
The injection of oxygenated blood into the athlete, refund event attempt to enhance athletic performance
100
Blood doping transfusions
Athletes remove blood from their body and freeze it so the old blood is then combined with the new blood during transfusion and cells levels increase by 50%
101
Blood doping from EPO and oxygen
Injecting EPO stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
Synthetic oxygen are purified, proteins or chemicals that have the ability to increase oxygen levels in the tissue
102
Blood doping from testosterone
Higher testosterone increases EPO, which then increases RBC, which decreases fatigue
103
How does more of RBC lead to decrease fatigue?
It allows blood cells to carry more oxygen, which allows it to be more easily delivered to the muscles
104
What is advantage of blood doping?
The more oxygen you have the more ATP can be created and there’s no negative by products because it’s only water and CO2
105
What is the function of blood?
Transport nutrients, distribute heat across body, homeostasis, transport of waste and defend the body
106
What does blood viscosity depend on?
Plasma proteins and hematocrit
107
Based on the body fluid compartments, which one is blood considered
Intravascular fluid IVF
108
How many percent out of the ECF is blood
It is 1/4 of the ECF and 8% of the total fluid of the body
109
With blood and plasma, how much percent is each with water?
Plasma is 92% water and blood is 48 to 53% water
110
Name of layer where WBC are observed after blood centrifuge?
Buffy coat
111
Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC
Hematocrit
112
Blood without cell components
Plasma
113
Erythropoietin
Released by the kidneys and facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage
114
List of five types of leukocytes from most to least common
Basophil, eosphil, monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils NLMEB
115
Which leukocyte is most likely to perform dipedisis
Monocyte
116
Function of spectrin
To maintain the biconcave shape of RBC
117
What protein inside erythrocytes helps with gas transport and how many molecules of O2 can it hold?
Hemoglobin and four molecules of O2 ( 1 per heme)
118
What type of cells are platelets derived from and what process are platelets involved in?
Mega karyocyte and blood clotting
119
What blood cells are derived from myeloid and lymphoid
Eosinophils platelets, basil fills monocytes, erythrocytes, neutrophils, and reticulocytes are derived from myeloid
lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid
120
A patient with kidney failure, waiting for a transplant be able to release EPO
No, because patient may have hypoxia, but isn’t unable to produce EPO
121
What does the Buffy coat contain
Leukocytes and platelets
