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Anatomy LECTURE > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective

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2
Q

Is blood a specialized connective tissue?

A

Yes

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3
Q

How much percentage is the human body full of water?

A

50 to 60%

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4
Q

Percentages of intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and intravascular fluid in the body

A

Intracellular fluid is 67%

Interstitial fluid is 25%, which is fluid in the tissue

Intravascular body fluid in the vessels 8%

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5
Q

What makes up the extracellular fluid and how much percentage is it?

A

It is the interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid and it makes up 33% of the body

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6
Q

How many percent is the total body weight of the body blood?

A

8%

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7
Q

How many liters of blood do males and females have?

A

Males 5 to 6 L

Females 4 to 5 L

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8
Q

Color variation, in terms of high O2 and low O2

A

High O2 will be a scarlet color

Low O2 will be a dark red color

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9
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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10
Q

Acidosis

A

pH below seven

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11
Q

Function of blood

A

Distributes, oxygen and CO2 and micro nutrients and gets rid of waste

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12
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Eliminates CO2 and protect the body

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13
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma formed elements

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14
Q

Plasma

A

Nonliving fluid matrix that contains clotting factors

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15
Q

Formed elements is living …

A

Living blood cells

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16
Q

Types of formed elements

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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17
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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18
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells known as the only real so that has mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and more

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19
Q

Platelets and another name for it

A

Thrombocytes which helped to create clots and also known as cell fragments

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20
Q

What is the percentage of plasma the buffy coat and erythrocytes after blood is put in a centrifuge

A

At the bottom is erythrocytes with 45% and at the top is plasma which is 55% of the blood and then in the middle is one percent which is the puffy coat

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21
Q

What are some of the dissolved solutes in plasma?

A

Nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, proteins, and in organic ions

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22
Q

Plasma proteins, most abundant solutes are

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

AGF

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23
Q

Albumin function

A

Osmotic balance, and buffers pH

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24
Q

Globulin function

A

Immune response and lipid transport

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25
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

Helps with blood clotting and proteins that create fibers

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26
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Force that occurs when plasma proteins and blood pull water back into the capillary

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27
Q

How many percent does leukocytes make up the total blood volume?

A

One percent

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28
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Defense against diseases

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29
Q

Diapedesis

A

It was white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area in case of injuries

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30
Q

How long do leukocytes live?

A

Hours days or decades

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31
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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32
Q

Granulocytes

A

Visible cytoplasmic granules, such as neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils

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33
Q

Neutrophil, color and acidity

A

Both reddish and purple and it’s neutral

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34
Q

Eosinophil, color and acidity

A

Reddish and acidic

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35
Q

Basophil color and acidity

A

Purple and basic

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36
Q

A Granulocytes

A

No visible cytoplasmic granules,

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37
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, which is mostly a nucleus and monocytes

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38
Q

Neutrophil

A

A.k.a. PMN or polys very phagocytic

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39
Q

Eosinophils

A

Lysosome like granules and deals with allergies asthma in general immune responses

Antihistamine

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40
Q

Basophils

A

Granules contain histamine

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41
Q

Histamine

A

Inflammatory, chemical and vasodilator and increases white blood cells to inflamed areas

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42
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Mostly in lymphoid tissue and has T cells and b cells

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43
Q

T cells

A

Against virus, infected cells, and tumor cells

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44
Q

B cells

A

They mature the bone marrow and produce antibodies

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45
Q

Monocytes

A

Leaves circulation and enters tissues, which are macrophages

Actively phagocytic cells

Activate lymphocytes

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46
Q

What is leukocyte formation called?

A

Leukopoiesis

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47
Q

Lymphoid stem cells make what

A

Lymphocytes

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48
Q

Myeloid stem cells make what

A

They create committed cells called myoblast which creates myocyte and then creates granulocytes

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49
Q

Platelets example

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

Act in clotting process aka thrombosis

50
Q

Granules examples

A

Serotonin, calcium enzymes, ADP platelet driven growth, factor, and much more

51
Q

Normal amount of platelets

A

15000 to 400,000 platelets

52
Q

Platelets lifespan

A

Age quickly and degenerate in about 10 days

53
Q

How is platelet formation regulated?

A

Thrombopoietin

54
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Simple concave disc doesn’t do protein synthesis

55
Q

What are erythrocytes filled with?

A

Hemoglobin for gas, transport and plasma membrane, protein called spectrin and other proteins

56
Q

How many blood cells are there?

A

4 to 6,000,000 in a body

57
Q

Hemoglob bines, how with oxygen

A

Irreversibly with oxygen

58
Q

What does the hemoglobin structure consist of?

A

Globin (Two alpha and two beta poly peptide chain) and four heme groups

59
Q

Hemoglobin functions

A

O2 loading in lungs producing oxyhemoglobin

02 unloading in tissues producing the oxy hemoglobin

CO2 and tissues which is carb globin and CO2 binds to hemoglobin in the blood

60
Q

Structure and function of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave shape,

97% hemoglobin

no mitochondria and aerobic ATP production

doesn’t consume oxygen they only transport

61
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation in red bone marrow, and adults such as humorous and femur

62
Q

Hematopoietic stems of a.k.a. hemocytoblast give rise to …

A

Give rise to all formed elements (blood cells)

63
Q

Process of erythrapoiesis red blood cell production

A

Hematopoietic stem cell -> myeloid -> proethroblast -> basophilic Ethroblast -> orthochromatic erythroblast -> reticulocyte-> erythrocytes

64
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that is red blood cells

65
Q

What does low hematocrit mean?

A

Not enough healthy, red blood cells, which can be anemia

Hi number of white blood cells can be long-term illness

66
Q

What can high hematocrit tell us ?

A

There may be some dehydration, a disease or a long in heart disease, cause low oxygen and blood sugars red blood cell production

67
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Bone marrow disease that creates too many red blood cells

68
Q

How to calculate hematocrit

A

Volume of red blood cells over volume of total blood times 100

69
Q

What is the difference between human and horseshoe crab blood and explain the difference in color

A

They have less oxygen because they’re underwater and instead of using iron to carry oxygen around like in humans they use copper which is blue

70
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen

71
Q

Two few red blood cells causes

A

Tissue hypoxia

72
Q

Too many blood cells causes

A

High hematocrit and high blood viscosity

73
Q

Balance, production, and destruction of red blood cells need

A

Hormonal controls

and nutrient access from iron amino acids and b vitamins

74
Q

What does iron do in the blood?

A

Carries oxygen around in the blood

75
Q

Can you have a normal hematocrit but still being hypoxia?

A

Technically, yes, because you can have a problem using the oxygen instead of a problem with creating the oxygen

76
Q

Why do male have higher red blood count?

A

Because testosterone enhances ethtropoietin production

77
Q

What’s the feedback loop when the body is in hypoxia?

A

It is negative feedback Loop

78
Q

How to fix a negative feedback hypoxia

A

Kidney releases ethropoietin, and then it stimulates the red bone marrow, and enhances et poises increasing the red blood counts, and then blood can carry more oxygen to get back into balance

79
Q

Do patients on dialysis have a high red blood count or low?

A

Low

80
Q

Why going up into higher areas of the world like mountains, cause hypoxia?

A

Lower oxygen levels, causing tissue hypoxia

Production of more red blood cells increasing hematocrit

Therefore, causing thicker blood increasing the viscosity which increases higher chance of blocking arteries

81
Q

Effects of etherpoises

A

Rapid maturation of committed marrow cells

Increase circulation of reticulate count, and one to two days

82
Q

Destruction of a erythrocytes
And recycling

A

Old red blood cells become fragile and hemoglobin begins to degenerate

Gets trapped in smaller circular channels, like in the spleen

Macrophages in the dying blood cells through phago cytosis

83
Q

What happens to the hemoglobin in the destruction and recycling

A

It breaks into Heme and globin

84
Q

What does globin breakdown into and what happens to it in destruction and recycling?

A

Amino acids and it’s released to be taken by other red blood cells that are already in the blood

85
Q

What does heme break down into

A

Bilirubin and iron

86
Q

What happens to iron from the heme

A

It is reused and stored in the liver to be taken up by the blood as needed for ethryopoiesis

87
Q

What happens to bilirubin from heme

A

It’s picked up by the liver and then it’s secreted into the intestines where it’s degraded into a pigment that leaves the body as feces and other raw materials are made available for making blood

88
Q

Erythrocyte disorders

A

Anemia
Polycythemia vera
Secondary polycythemia

89
Q

Anemia function and main causes

A

Blood has abnormally low oxygen, carrying capacity

Blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction, hemoglobin abnormalities

90
Q

Renal anemia reason and how to treat it

A

Lack of EPO

Cheated with synthetic EPO

91
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Cell has capacity to multiply and divide

92
Q

A plastic anemia function and treatment

A

Destruction or inhibition of red marrow from chemicals radiation viruses

Treated short term with transfusions and long-term with transplant themselves

93
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Premature RBC lens caused by hemoglobin abnormal, compatible transfusions, infections

94
Q

Thalassemia has what ancestry , and the cause

A

Mediterranean ancestry

One global chain is absent or faulty

RBCs, thin and delicate

95
Q

Sickle cell, anemia cause and what ancestry

A

One amino acid is wrong in the globin, beta chain of hemoglobin

RBCs are crescent shaped when low with oxygen in the blood and ruptures easily

Prevalent in African countries

96
Q

Why is sickle cell anemia more prevalent in African countries?

A

there’s a high presence of malaria in Africa to counteract that more people got sickle cell anemia because that means that the malaria parasite cannot easily mature in the blood because of its shape, but that meant that blood cells were more fragile and easier to break

97
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

Bone marrow cancer, causing excess RBCs and increased blood viscosity

98
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

Less O2 available in higher altitudes or EPO production increases making higher R BC count

Lower plasma or blood doping

99
Q

What is blood doping?

A

The injection of oxygenated blood into the athlete, refund event attempt to enhance athletic performance

100
Q

Blood doping transfusions

A

Athletes remove blood from their body and freeze it so the old blood is then combined with the new blood during transfusion and cells levels increase by 50%

101
Q

Blood doping from EPO and oxygen

A

Injecting EPO stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Synthetic oxygen are purified, proteins or chemicals that have the ability to increase oxygen levels in the tissue

102
Q

Blood doping from testosterone

A

Higher testosterone increases EPO, which then increases RBC, which decreases fatigue

103
Q

How does more of RBC lead to decrease fatigue?

A

It allows blood cells to carry more oxygen, which allows it to be more easily delivered to the muscles

104
Q

What is advantage of blood doping?

A

The more oxygen you have the more ATP can be created and there’s no negative by products because it’s only water and CO2

105
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport nutrients, distribute heat across body, homeostasis, transport of waste and defend the body

106
Q

What does blood viscosity depend on?

A

Plasma proteins and hematocrit

107
Q

Based on the body fluid compartments, which one is blood considered

A

Intravascular fluid IVF

108
Q

How many percent out of the ECF is blood

A

It is 1/4 of the ECF and 8% of the total fluid of the body

109
Q

With blood and plasma, how much percent is each with water?

A

Plasma is 92% water and blood is 48 to 53% water

110
Q

Name of layer where WBC are observed after blood centrifuge?

A

Buffy coat

111
Q

Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC

A

Hematocrit

112
Q

Blood without cell components

A

Plasma

113
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Released by the kidneys and facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage

114
Q

List of five types of leukocytes from most to least common

A

Basophil, eosphil, monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils NLMEB

115
Q

Which leukocyte is most likely to perform dipedisis

A

Monocyte

116
Q

Function of spectrin

A

To maintain the biconcave shape of RBC

117
Q

What protein inside erythrocytes helps with gas transport and how many molecules of O2 can it hold?

A

Hemoglobin and four molecules of O2 ( 1 per heme)

118
Q

What type of cells are platelets derived from and what process are platelets involved in?

A

Mega karyocyte and blood clotting

119
Q

What blood cells are derived from myeloid and lymphoid

A

Eosinophils platelets, basil fills monocytes, erythrocytes, neutrophils, and reticulocytes are derived from myeloid

lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid

120
Q

A patient with kidney failure, waiting for a transplant be able to release EPO

A

No, because patient may have hypoxia, but isn’t unable to produce EPO

121
Q

What does the Buffy coat contain

A

Leukocytes and platelets

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

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