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Anatomy LECTURE > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which white blood cell squeeze through capillary walls to reach infected tissues called?

A

Diapedesis

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2
Q

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid Lloyd stem cells

A

Platelets

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3
Q

The connective tissue supporting the structure of lymphoid organs is…

A

Reticular connective tissue

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4
Q

Lymphoid organs are highly vascularized true or false

A

True

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5
Q

What is the order of the differentiation of cells involved in the development of neutrophil?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, myeloblast , neutrophil

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6
Q

Description of a neutrophil

A

Abundant granular, especially effective against bacteria

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7
Q

Closest predecessor of the B cell, T cell, natural killer cells

A

Lymphoid stem cell

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8
Q

What is the closest predecessor of microphage neutrophil basophil monocyte and eosinophil ?

A

Myeloid stem cell

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9
Q

Lymph is usually a clear color is fluid similar to blood plasma but…

A

Has lower protein content than blood plasma

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10
Q

What is a specificity of lymphatic capillaries?

A

They are closed at one end

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11
Q

The only lymphatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels is…

A

The lymph node

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12
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Monitors blood fluids for foreign matter

Maintain fluid balance

Distribute immune cell

Recover tissue fluid

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13
Q

Excess interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells and tissues ) is returned to the …

A

Intravascular fluid through the lymphatic system

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14
Q

What is swelling associated with an increase in interstitial fluid in a tissue or body cavity

A

Edema

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15
Q

Edema can be caused by high capillary, hydrostatic pressure by low oncotic pressure…

A

By proteins lead from vascular space and will all lead to excessive interstitial fluid

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16
Q

What is the two systems that the immue system has?

A

Innate and adaptive

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17
Q

Innate nonspecific defense system

A

First line of defense is external body membranes like skin

Second line of defense is antimicrobial protein defensins, phagocytes, enzymes like lysozyime of saliva,

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18
Q

Function of second line of defense in innate defense system

A

Prevent infection
Inhibit spread of invaders
Inflammation

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19
Q

Adaptive specific defense system

A

Third line of defense attack, specifically particular foreign substance

Takes longer to react than innate system, but it is specific and highly effective

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20
Q

Types of Phagocytoc cells

A

Neutrophil and macrophages

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21
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most abundant and become phagocytic on exposure to infection

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22
Q

Macrophages and where they develop from

A

Develop from monocytes and are fixed macrophages that are permanent resident of some organs like skin cells, (langerhans)

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23
Q

Natural killer cell and where they are derived from

A

They are derived from lymphocytes

Attack cell, that lack self cell surface receptors and induce apoptosis in cancer cells

Enhance inflammatory response

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24
Q

Anti-bacterial proteins

A

Interferons complement, proteins, defensins and attack, microorganisms directly and hinder them to reproduce

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25
Q

Fever

A

Increasing body temperature

and increasing metabolism by proliferation and mobility of white blood cells by phagocytosis

Local sites and macro Fajah exposed to foreign substance and secrete pyrogens

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26
Q

Pyrogens

A

A fire

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27
Q

Inflammatory response is triggered by…

A

Injured body tissues
Extreme heat
Infection

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28
Q

Inflammatory response goals

A

Prevent spread of damaging agents
Dispose of cell debris
Alert, adaptive immune system

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29
Q

Signs of inflammatory response

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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30
Q

Steps of inflammation part one

A

Stressed tissue or a immune cells release chemical sign

Macrophages identify invaders

Vessels dilate

Histamine cause swelling and then pain

31
Q

Steps of inflammation part two phagocyte mobilization

A

Phagocytes arrive in mass such as neutrophil and macrophages

32
Q

Steps of how phagocytes arrive in masses

A

Leukocytosis

Margination

Diapedesis

Chemotaxis

33
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow

34
Q

Margination

A

Margination occurs where neutrophils cling to the capillary wall

35
Q

Diapedesis

A

Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

36
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophils follow chemical Trail

37
Q

The two processes of inflammation

A

Vasodilation and leukocytosis inducing factor

38
Q

Process of inflammation with vasodilation

A

Tissues are injured

Histamine triggers, and mast cells to release

Vasodilation occurs, increasing the blood, arriving at the site of injury or exudation, causing swelling and pain

Causing redness and heat

39
Q

Inflammation steps with leukocytosis inducing factor

A

Tissues are injured

The injure tissue releases, leukocytosis inducing factor

Leads to more leukocytes, mainly neutrophils in circulation

40
Q

Innate immune system second line of defense is calling onto…

A

Adaptive immune system

41
Q

Adaptive defense overview

A

Has specific response such as antigens

Systematic and can have memory

There’s two separate classes

42
Q

The two separate classes of adaptive defense

A

Humoral immunity B cells

Cellular immunity, T cells

43
Q

Humoral, immunity

A

Antibodies produced by plasma sites

Bines temporarily to target sells antigens and temporarily inactivates and mark it for destruction

Has extra cellular targets

44
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes act against target cell directly and indirect

It has cellular targets

Mostly triggered by t lymphocytes

45
Q

Which immuno globulin class is first secreted

A

IGM

46
Q

Which immunoglobin class does not pass through placenta barrier

A

Igm

47
Q

What is the major immunoglobulin class for secretions and infection prevention

A

IgA

48
Q

Which immunoglobin Class is abundant and plasma and late responses

A

IGG

49
Q

Which immunoglobulin class can pass the placenta barrier and can complement activation

A

IGG

50
Q

Which immunoglobulin class binds to receptor on mast cells and basophil

A

IgE

51
Q

Helper, T cell

A

Activate B and T cells and induce proliferation

52
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Attack and kill infected cells

53
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress immune response

54
Q

Lymphocytes indirect targeting

A

Enhance inflammatory response, activating other lymphocytes and macrophages

55
Q

What is needed for antigen presenting cells?

A

Phagocytosis

AG processing

AG presentation

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

En golf antigens and process them

57
Q

AG processing

A

Taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation

58
Q

AG presentation

A

Major cell types presenting foregin AG on MHC2 proteins

59
Q

Types of AG presentation

A

Dendritic cells and connective tissues, and

Macro phases and connective tissues and lymphoid

B cells

60
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

61
Q

What enzyme in macrophages are important for clearing intracellular bacteria?

A

Lysosomal

62
Q

What is critical future of immediate hypersensitivity?

A

Histamine release

63
Q

What drug is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock

A

epinephrine

64
Q

Where does the white pulp of the spleen, get its color from?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

65
Q

Lymphocyte maturation location

A

B cells in bone marrow, T cells thymus

66
Q

Lymphocyte maturation immunocompetence

A

Each can recognize one specific antigen

67
Q

Lymphocyte maturation self tolerance

A

Unresponsive to own antigens

Only engage in defense against forgein in substances

68
Q

Primary immune response

A

Levels if plasmas antibody are reached I. 10 days IGM

Then decline

Memory cells develop

69
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Re-exposure to the same antigen gives faster effective

response memory, cells, respond, within hours,

antibody levels are at peak levels and bind it’s more affinity

70
Q

Humoral, immunity, active naturally acquired

A

When own body is producing antibodies

Infection contact with pathogen

71
Q

Humoral immunity active artificially acquired

A

Vaccine and dead pathogens

72
Q

Humoral immunity passive naturally acquired

A

Receiving antibodies

Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or milk

73
Q

Humoral immunity passive artificially acquired

A

Injection of exogenous antibodies

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

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