CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Arteries
A
Carrie‘s blood away from the heart
2
Q
Veins
A
Carries blood towards the heart
3
Q
Circulation of blood
A
Oxygen poor blood is brought into the right atrium through tricuspid valves into the right ventricle
Goes into the pulmonary valve Leaves the heart through pulmonary arteries goes into the lungs and picks up oxygen and releases CO2
Oxygen rich blood will enter the left atrium and go through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle and leaves through aortic valves into systemic circulation
4
Q
The Apex of the heart is closest to the diaphragm and what
A
Inferior portion of the left lung
5
Q
The heart is a transport system and …
A
Two side-by-side pumps right and left side
6
Q
Right side pump
A
Receives oxygen poor blood from tissues from the systemic circulation and pumps it to long to get rid of CO2 and pick up O2 from the pulmonary circuit
7
Q
Left side pump
A
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs which is pulmonary circulation and pump it to the body tissues of the systemic circuit
8
Q
When blood is carrying high amount of oxygenated blood, how much CO2 is there?
A
Low amount
9
Q
Why is left ventricle cardiac muscle thicker than the right ventricle?
A
Since it is blood, that’s going to the whole entire body. It needs more strength to be pushed out so he can reach the bottom of the body even better.
10
Q
Septum
A
Layer tissue that separates the different chambers
11
Q
Layers of the heart wall starting from the heart chamber and what are they all surrounded by?
A
Endocardium myocardium epicardium
Pericardium
12
Q
Pericardium and it’s layers
A
Two layers serous pericardium
Parietal layer, (which is external wall )
Visceral layer (epicardium) separated by fluid filled pericardial cavity fluid for lubrication
13
Q
Pericardial layers from bottom to top
A
Visceral
pericardial cavity
parietal
Fibrous
14
Q
Epicardium
A
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
15
Q
Myocardium
A
Pacemaker cell
Contractike cardiac, muscle cells, such as desmosomes and gap junctions and functional synctum
16
Q
Cardiac skeleton of myocardium and function
A
Kriss crossing interlacing layer of connected tissue
which anchors cardiac muscle fibers and supports great vessels and valves and prevent spread of action potential
17
Q
Desmosomes
A
Attached to each other between cells to sustain mechanical tension
18
Q
Gap junctions
A
Channels for ions to pass through
19
Q
Endocardium
A
Lines, heart chambers, and valves continues with blood vessels
Endothelium plus connective tissue
20
Q
Which is a membrane or muscular for the inter atrial septum and inter ventricular septum ?
A
Inter atrial septum is membranous
Inter ventricular septum is muscular
21
Q
Valves
A
Uni directional
pressure changes are too open and close
Two semi lunar valves
Two atrial ventricular valve
22
Q
Two atrioventricular valves
A
Tricuspid valve on the right
Mitral/bicuspid by cuspid valve on the left
Papillary muscles
23
Q
Two semi lunar valves
A
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
24
Q
The myocardium will be thickest in which part of the heart
A
Left ventricle
25
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Bicuspid mitral valve
26
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit
Right atrium
27
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase and the action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte
Calcium
28
What is systole and dystol ?
Systol is the contraction of the myocardium and dystol is the relaxation of the myocardium
29
Two sounds associated with the heart valves is
First is the aortic semilunar valves closing (lub)
Second is the semi lunar valves close (dub)
30
Heart murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate incompetent or stenotic vowels
31
Mitral (bicuspid) valve regurgitation
Issue closing mitral valve causing blood to leak back
32
Pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit and what type of oxygen is it
Poor oxygen goes to the right atrium, tricuspid valve
, right ventricle,
pulmonary semilunar valve,
pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
33
Pathway of blood through the systematic circuit and what type of blood is it carrying
Rich oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Systematic circulation
Capillary beds
Gas exchange
34
Microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle
Intercalated discs
35
The intercalated disk are packed with what
Desmosomes and gap junctions
36
What allows the heart to be a functional synctium?
Gap junction
37
Cardio myocytes contracts…
As a unit or none do
38
Intercalated disc of contractile and auto rhythmic
99% are contractile and one percent is auto rhythmic
39
Electrical impulse places
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
40
Electrical signal sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
Generates impulses
41
Electrical signal atrioventricular bundle
Impulse pauses
42
Electrical signal atrioventricular bundle
Connects atria to the ventricles
43
Electrical signal bundle branches
Conduct the impulses through inter ventricular septum
44
Electrical signal subendocardial conducting network ( purkinje fibers)
Depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
45
What makes cardiac action potentials different
Slightly different shape and calcium plays a role
46
Cardiac pacemaker potential
Peacemaker potential: slow depolarization na coming in
Depolarization : action potential begins on the pacemaker potential reaches threshold and calcium comes in
Repolarization : calcium stops and potassium comes out bringing membrane potential back to normal
47
Cardigan pacemaker potential in short
Unstable RMP
Slow depolarization
Fast depolarization
Repolarization
48
Cardiac action potential steps which uses cardiac contractile muscle cell
Depolarization
Plateau phase
Repolarization
49
Cardiac action, potential depolarization
Sodium influx through fast voltage, gated sodium channels
50
Cardiac action, potential plateau phase
Calcium influx through slow calcium channels
51
Cardiac action, potential repolarization
Calcium channels, inactivating, and potassium channels opening to go back to resting potential
52
Electrocardiogram
All action potential at given time
53
Electrocardiogram three waves
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
54
P wave
Depolarization SA node -> atria
55
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
56
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
57
PQRST
Atrial depolarization
Impulse is delayed at AV node
Ventricular depolarization, causing QRS complex an atrial repolarization occurs
Ventricular depolarization is complete and ventricular repolarization begins at Apex causing tea wave 08
58
Which term is typically used to refer in particular contraction while no blood is being ejected
Isovolumic contraction
59
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle
Closing of the atrioventricular valves
60
Of the following parts of circulation, which receives the smallest blood flow at rest
Coronary circulation
61
The greatest volume of blood is found in the…
Systemic veins
62
Which of the following condition favors laminar flow in a tube
High viscosity of fluid
63
The beginning of the isovolumetric contraction period for the right ventricle is marked by
Closure of the tricuspid valve
64
Name for When there is no rhythm for heart
Arythmia
65
How to reset ventricular fibrillation
Electrical shock from fibrillation
66
State if heart after ventricular fibrillation
Scar will form from collogen and heart doesn’t regain full capacity
67
Cardiac action potential with pacemaker cells
Repolarization of potassium moving out of cell making it negative
Pacemaker potential is slow depolarization sodium is slowing coming in cell
Fully depolarize once pacemaker reachers threshold bc of calcium going into cell
68
In a healthy heart the heart rate depends on …
SA node
69
Cardiac cycle
Blood flow through the heart during one compete heartbeat
70
Phases of cardiac cycle
Ventricular filling
Isovolumic contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovulumic relaxtion
71
Ventricular filling
Av valves open and ventricle relaxed
Blood flow high (atria) to low pressure (ventricle)
80% blood flows passively into ventricle then atrial systole occurs to deliver the 20%
72
End diastolic volume in ventricular filling
Volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole
73
Isovolumic contraction also mention the amount of blood and does pressure increase or decrease
Atrial diastole (repolarization)
The depolarization of ventricles allowed to begin to contract (Systole)
The valves are closed at this point and the same amount of blood as maintained, causing pressure to increase
74
Ventricular ejection
Rapid ejection and
then reduced ejection
75
Isovolumic relaxation
, ventricles, relax, and expand
Atria relaxed and filling up
Blood and arteries closes SL valves then the AV valves will open and cycle begins again
76
Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
Ventricular diastole + atrial systole is ventricular filling
Ventricular systole (meaning valves are closed) isovolumic contraction
Valves open ventricles empty
Ventricular diastole: Isovolumic relaxation
77
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
78
Cardiac output equation
Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume
79
Stroke volume
Volume of the pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
80
If we have 100 mL of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction in 10 mL remains in the ventricle after contraction what is the SV, EDV, ESV, n EF
End diastolic volume is 100 mL - End systolic volume is 10 mL = stroke volume is 90 mL
Ejection fraction = 90÷100% = 90%
Above 50% is healthy
81
How would cardiac output increase?
If either/ both SV or HR increase
82
Cardiac reserve
Difference between resting and Maximal cardiac output
83
Types of regulation of stroke volume
Preload
Contractility
Afterload
84
Preload
Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before the contract which is an diastolic pressure
85
Venous return
Amount of blood, returning to heart stretching ventricles
86
Contractility
Dependent on factors that make the muscle more responsive to stimulation
87
What increases and decreases contractility
Calcium influx increases it (sympathetic)
Calcium channel blockers decrease
88
After load and what is the pressure gradient?
Pressure ventricle Must overcome to eject blood
Goes from high-pressure to low pressure
89
Chronic trophic factors and it’s association with heart rate
Positive con trophic factors increase heart rate
Negative Cono trophic factors decrease heart rate
90
Inoatrophic factors and it’s association with stroke volume
Positive inotrophic factors increase stroke volume
Negative inotrophic factors decrease stroke
91
Parasympathetic nervous system returns…
Heart rate to normal
92
Cono trophic factors that affect it
Size of the heart
Exercise
Body temperature
Chemical factors
93
Chemical regulation of heart rate
Hypoglycemia will depress heart rate
Hyperglycemia will increase hr and contactility
94
Horned in chemical regulation of heart rate
Epinephrine from adrenal medulla increase heart rate and contratility
95
Why is there difference of SA NODE firing 100 BEATS per minute but the typical heart rate resting is 75 beats per minute
When we are at rest, our parasympathetic system takes over and lower hr
96
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate
97
Bradycardia
Heart rate slower than 60 bpm
98
What layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors
Endocardium
99
Do people with congestive heart failure or stenosis have high or low pulse pressure
Low
100
Capillaries
Exchanges of gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones
Diapedesis immune response
101
Structure of blood vessel walls from inside outside outside we’re gonna end up
Lumen, three wall layers in arteries and veins, capillaries
102
Lumen
Central space contain or carry blood
103
Three wall layers in arteries and veins deepest to superficial
Tunica intima (deep)
Tunica media
Tunica externa or Adventita
104
Capillaries what is the only tunica does it have and why
Only have tunica intima
Thin wall is needed so promote exchange between blood and tissue
105
Tunica intima
Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels
106
Tunica media and what type nervous system and cell type
Smooth muscle and elastic
Sympathetic nerves system (single unit for coordination contraction)
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
107
Tunica externa
Collagen fiber in fibrous tissue
108
Aterial system (divergent) pressure resivoir
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
109
Elastic (conducting) arteries
Large lumen
Large springy thick wall
Aorta and it’s major branches
110
Muscular (distributed) artery
Distal
Thick tunica media with smooth muscle
Ma rice in vasoconstriction
111
Arterioles
Lead to capillary beds
Control flow into beds
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
112
Cappilaries is all tissues except, access to what cells, what is the only type
Of tunica it has, and types of capillaries
In all tissues, except for cartilage, epithelia, and cornea of eye
Direct access to almost every cell
Has Wall only has thin tunica intima lacks tunica media or externa and is simple squamous
Continuous capillaries with leaky junction
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoids
113
Continuous capillaries with leaky junctions
Most common type
Complete basement membrane
Tunica intima (found in lungs)
114
Fenetrated capillaries
Windows (small holes) with basement membrane and exchange of large molecules (found in small intestine)
115
Sinusoid capillary
Rare
Big holes Incomplete basement membrane
Intercellular gap
Exchange of plasma
116
Sphincters open and closed
Blood flows through capillaries
Blood flows through metarterioles through channel and bypasses capillaries
117
We have pre capillary sphincters, but why don’t we have post capillary sphincters?
They are already pre-capillary sphincters that are controlling how much blood is flowing through to the capillaries anyway
118
Why are precapillary sphincters important?
Helps with body temp and constricts it when it’s cold outside
119
Venule
Formed when capillary beds converge
120
Veins
Formed when venules converge
They have thin walls and large lumens and are more numerous than arteries
Lower blood pressure than arteries
121
Venous valves
Prevent blood back flow
122
Movement of blood for arteries
Pumped by the heart and gravity is used in some cases
123
Movement of blood and veins
Skeletal muscle pump or respiratory pump or one way valve
124
Body temperature regulation when temperature rises
Hypothalamus signals warm blood to flushes into superficial capillary beds to allow heat to radiate from skin and lower body temperature
125
How does sweat cause vasodilation in regulating body temperature?
Through BradyKinin in perspiration, by evaporation of hot sweat to cool body
126
As body temperature decreases
Tries to keep heat inside main organ and maintain best temp for metabolic reactions
127
Blood pressure
Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
128
What is arterial blood pressure?
Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
129
Why is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) not the average of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
The amount of time that the heart is in systolic pressure is less than the amount of time the heart is in diastolic pressure
1/3 : 2/3
130
MEEN arterial pressure the peripheral resistance in arterials is regulated by what?
Baro Receptors and sympathetic nervous system
131
Volume of blood in arteries, determined by…
Input and flow out a variable resistance of Arterioles
132
What can MAP assess risk of
Hope assess the risk of disorders like Arthur sclerosis or edema
133
Blood flows if…
Systolic pressure is bigger than the afterload which is pressure to eject blood
134
What happens if after load increases
The an systolic volume increases and the systolic volume decreases meaning harder work must be done to increases stroke volume
135
Main sources of resistance of blood
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter
136
Regulation of radius
Regulation of resistance
Regulation of map
Regulation of perfusion of tissue
137
Hypotension
Blood pressure decreases map, decreases, and systolic and diastolic or low
138
Hypertension
Blood pressure is high. The map is high a lot of pressure on the blood vessels and can cause stroke.
139
Regulation of blood pressure includes what types of control
Local control and reflex control
140
Local control
HypereMia, which is a case of blood flow in the tissue and use of myogenic response of contraction and dialation
141
Reflex control
Sympathetic nervous system uses epithet vasoconstrict
142
Blood flow equation
Q equals P divided by R
143
Cardiac output equation
CO = SV*HR
144
The elastic systemic arteries are what
Pressure reservoir
145
When does the ECG strip denotes?
When the SA node fires
146
The beginning of Isovolumic contraction period for the right ventricle is marked by what?
Closure of tricuspid valve
147
Blood supply to myocardium is…
Coronary circulation
