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Anatomy LECTURE > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carrie‘s blood away from the heart

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood towards the heart

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3
Q

Circulation of blood

A

Oxygen poor blood is brought into the right atrium through tricuspid valves into the right ventricle

Goes into the pulmonary valve Leaves the heart through pulmonary arteries goes into the lungs and picks up oxygen and releases CO2

Oxygen rich blood will enter the left atrium and go through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle and leaves through aortic valves into systemic circulation

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4
Q

The Apex of the heart is closest to the diaphragm and what

A

Inferior portion of the left lung

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5
Q

The heart is a transport system and …

A

Two side-by-side pumps right and left side

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6
Q

Right side pump

A

Receives oxygen poor blood from tissues from the systemic circulation and pumps it to long to get rid of CO2 and pick up O2 from the pulmonary circuit

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7
Q

Left side pump

A

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs which is pulmonary circulation and pump it to the body tissues of the systemic circuit

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8
Q

When blood is carrying high amount of oxygenated blood, how much CO2 is there?

A

Low amount

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9
Q

Why is left ventricle cardiac muscle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

Since it is blood, that’s going to the whole entire body. It needs more strength to be pushed out so he can reach the bottom of the body even better.

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10
Q

Septum

A

Layer tissue that separates the different chambers

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11
Q

Layers of the heart wall starting from the heart chamber and what are they all surrounded by?

A

Endocardium myocardium epicardium

Pericardium

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12
Q

Pericardium and it’s layers

A

Two layers serous pericardium

Parietal layer, (which is external wall )

Visceral layer (epicardium) separated by fluid filled pericardial cavity fluid for lubrication

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13
Q

Pericardial layers from bottom to top

A

Visceral
pericardial cavity
parietal
Fibrous

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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15
Q

Myocardium

A

Pacemaker cell

Contractike cardiac, muscle cells, such as desmosomes and gap junctions and functional synctum

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16
Q

Cardiac skeleton of myocardium and function

A

Kriss crossing interlacing layer of connected tissue

which anchors cardiac muscle fibers and supports great vessels and valves and prevent spread of action potential

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Attached to each other between cells to sustain mechanical tension

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels for ions to pass through

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines, heart chambers, and valves continues with blood vessels

Endothelium plus connective tissue

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20
Q

Which is a membrane or muscular for the inter atrial septum and inter ventricular septum ?

A

Inter atrial septum is membranous

Inter ventricular septum is muscular

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21
Q

Valves

A

Uni directional

pressure changes are too open and close

Two semi lunar valves

Two atrial ventricular valve

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22
Q

Two atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve on the right
Mitral/bicuspid by cuspid valve on the left
Papillary muscles

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23
Q

Two semi lunar valves

A

Aortic semilunar valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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24
Q

The myocardium will be thickest in which part of the heart

A

Left ventricle

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25
Q

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid mitral valve

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26
Q

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit

A

Right atrium

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27
Q

The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase and the action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte

A

Calcium

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28
Q

What is systole and dystol ?

A

Systol is the contraction of the myocardium and dystol is the relaxation of the myocardium

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29
Q

Two sounds associated with the heart valves is

A

First is the aortic semilunar valves closing (lub)

Second is the semi lunar valves close (dub)

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30
Q

Heart murmurs

A

Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate incompetent or stenotic vowels

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31
Q

Mitral (bicuspid) valve regurgitation

A

Issue closing mitral valve causing blood to leak back

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32
Q

Pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit and what type of oxygen is it

A

Poor oxygen goes to the right atrium, tricuspid valve
, right ventricle,
pulmonary semilunar valve,
pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium

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33
Q

Pathway of blood through the systematic circuit and what type of blood is it carrying

A

Rich oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Systematic circulation
Capillary beds
Gas exchange

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34
Q

Microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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35
Q

The intercalated disk are packed with what

A

Desmosomes and gap junctions

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36
Q

What allows the heart to be a functional synctium?

A

Gap junction

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37
Q

Cardio myocytes contracts…

A

As a unit or none do

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38
Q

Intercalated disc of contractile and auto rhythmic

A

99% are contractile and one percent is auto rhythmic

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39
Q

Electrical impulse places

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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40
Q

Electrical signal sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

A

Generates impulses

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41
Q

Electrical signal atrioventricular bundle

A

Impulse pauses

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42
Q

Electrical signal atrioventricular bundle

A

Connects atria to the ventricles

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43
Q

Electrical signal bundle branches

A

Conduct the impulses through inter ventricular septum

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44
Q

Electrical signal subendocardial conducting network ( purkinje fibers)

A

Depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

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45
Q

What makes cardiac action potentials different

A

Slightly different shape and calcium plays a role

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46
Q

Cardiac pacemaker potential

A

Peacemaker potential: slow depolarization na coming in

Depolarization : action potential begins on the pacemaker potential reaches threshold and calcium comes in

Repolarization : calcium stops and potassium comes out bringing membrane potential back to normal

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47
Q

Cardigan pacemaker potential in short

A

Unstable RMP
Slow depolarization
Fast depolarization
Repolarization

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48
Q

Cardiac action potential steps which uses cardiac contractile muscle cell

A

Depolarization
Plateau phase
Repolarization

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49
Q

Cardiac action, potential depolarization

A

Sodium influx through fast voltage, gated sodium channels

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50
Q

Cardiac action, potential plateau phase

A

Calcium influx through slow calcium channels

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51
Q

Cardiac action, potential repolarization

A

Calcium channels, inactivating, and potassium channels opening to go back to resting potential

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52
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

All action potential at given time

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53
Q

Electrocardiogram three waves

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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54
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization SA node -> atria

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55
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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56
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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57
Q

PQRST

A

Atrial depolarization

Impulse is delayed at AV node

Ventricular depolarization, causing QRS complex an atrial repolarization occurs

Ventricular depolarization is complete and ventricular repolarization begins at Apex causing tea wave 08

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58
Q

Which term is typically used to refer in particular contraction while no blood is being ejected

A

Isovolumic contraction

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59
Q

The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves

60
Q

Of the following parts of circulation, which receives the smallest blood flow at rest

A

Coronary circulation

61
Q

The greatest volume of blood is found in the…

A

Systemic veins

62
Q

Which of the following condition favors laminar flow in a tube

A

High viscosity of fluid

63
Q

The beginning of the isovolumetric contraction period for the right ventricle is marked by

A

Closure of the tricuspid valve

64
Q

Name for When there is no rhythm for heart

A

Arythmia

65
Q

How to reset ventricular fibrillation

A

Electrical shock from fibrillation

66
Q

State if heart after ventricular fibrillation

A

Scar will form from collogen and heart doesn’t regain full capacity

67
Q

Cardiac action potential with pacemaker cells

A

Repolarization of potassium moving out of cell making it negative

Pacemaker potential is slow depolarization sodium is slowing coming in cell

Fully depolarize once pacemaker reachers threshold bc of calcium going into cell

68
Q

In a healthy heart the heart rate depends on …

A

SA node

69
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Blood flow through the heart during one compete heartbeat

70
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular filling
Isovolumic contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovulumic relaxtion

71
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Av valves open and ventricle relaxed

Blood flow high (atria) to low pressure (ventricle)

80% blood flows passively into ventricle then atrial systole occurs to deliver the 20%

72
Q

End diastolic volume in ventricular filling

A

Volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

73
Q

Isovolumic contraction also mention the amount of blood and does pressure increase or decrease

A

Atrial diastole (repolarization)

The depolarization of ventricles allowed to begin to contract (Systole)

The valves are closed at this point and the same amount of blood as maintained, causing pressure to increase

74
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Rapid ejection and

then reduced ejection

75
Q

Isovolumic relaxation

A

, ventricles, relax, and expand

Atria relaxed and filling up

Blood and arteries closes SL valves then the AV valves will open and cycle begins again

76
Q

Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular diastole + atrial systole is ventricular filling

Ventricular systole (meaning valves are closed) isovolumic contraction

Valves open ventricles empty

Ventricular diastole: Isovolumic relaxation

77
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

78
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume

79
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of the pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

80
Q

If we have 100 mL of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction in 10 mL remains in the ventricle after contraction what is the SV, EDV, ESV, n EF

A

End diastolic volume is 100 mL - End systolic volume is 10 mL = stroke volume is 90 mL

Ejection fraction = 90÷100% = 90%

Above 50% is healthy

81
Q

How would cardiac output increase?

A

If either/ both SV or HR increase

82
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between resting and Maximal cardiac output

83
Q

Types of regulation of stroke volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

84
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before the contract which is an diastolic pressure

85
Q

Venous return

A

Amount of blood, returning to heart stretching ventricles

86
Q

Contractility

A

Dependent on factors that make the muscle more responsive to stimulation

87
Q

What increases and decreases contractility

A

Calcium influx increases it (sympathetic)

Calcium channel blockers decrease

88
Q

After load and what is the pressure gradient?

A

Pressure ventricle Must overcome to eject blood

Goes from high-pressure to low pressure

89
Q

Chronic trophic factors and it’s association with heart rate

A

Positive con trophic factors increase heart rate

Negative Cono trophic factors decrease heart rate

90
Q

Inoatrophic factors and it’s association with stroke volume

A

Positive inotrophic factors increase stroke volume

Negative inotrophic factors decrease stroke

91
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system returns…

A

Heart rate to normal

92
Q

Cono trophic factors that affect it

A

Size of the heart

Exercise

Body temperature

Chemical factors

93
Q

Chemical regulation of heart rate

A

Hypoglycemia will depress heart rate

Hyperglycemia will increase hr and contactility

94
Q

Horned in chemical regulation of heart rate

A

Epinephrine from adrenal medulla increase heart rate and contratility

95
Q

Why is there difference of SA NODE firing 100 BEATS per minute but the typical heart rate resting is 75 beats per minute

A

When we are at rest, our parasympathetic system takes over and lower hr

96
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

97
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate slower than 60 bpm

98
Q

What layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors

A

Endocardium

99
Q

Do people with congestive heart failure or stenosis have high or low pulse pressure

A

Low

100
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchanges of gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones

Diapedesis immune response

101
Q

Structure of blood vessel walls from inside outside outside we’re gonna end up

A

Lumen, three wall layers in arteries and veins, capillaries

102
Q

Lumen

A

Central space contain or carry blood

103
Q

Three wall layers in arteries and veins deepest to superficial

A

Tunica intima (deep)
Tunica media
Tunica externa or Adventita

104
Q

Capillaries what is the only tunica does it have and why

A

Only have tunica intima

Thin wall is needed so promote exchange between blood and tissue

105
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels

106
Q

Tunica media and what type nervous system and cell type

A

Smooth muscle and elastic
Sympathetic nerves system (single unit for coordination contraction)

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

107
Q

Tunica externa

A

Collagen fiber in fibrous tissue

108
Q

Aterial system (divergent) pressure resivoir

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles

109
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Large lumen
Large springy thick wall
Aorta and it’s major branches

110
Q

Muscular (distributed) artery

A

Distal
Thick tunica media with smooth muscle
Ma rice in vasoconstriction

111
Q

Arterioles

A

Lead to capillary beds
Control flow into beds
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

112
Q

Cappilaries is all tissues except, access to what cells, what is the only type
Of tunica it has, and types of capillaries

A

In all tissues, except for cartilage, epithelia, and cornea of eye

Direct access to almost every cell

Has Wall only has thin tunica intima lacks tunica media or externa and is simple squamous

Continuous capillaries with leaky junction
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoids

113
Q

Continuous capillaries with leaky junctions

A

Most common type

Complete basement membrane
Tunica intima (found in lungs)

114
Q

Fenetrated capillaries

A

Windows (small holes) with basement membrane and exchange of large molecules (found in small intestine)

115
Q

Sinusoid capillary

A

Rare

Big holes Incomplete basement membrane
Intercellular gap

Exchange of plasma

116
Q

Sphincters open and closed

A

Blood flows through capillaries

Blood flows through metarterioles through channel and bypasses capillaries

117
Q

We have pre capillary sphincters, but why don’t we have post capillary sphincters?

A

They are already pre-capillary sphincters that are controlling how much blood is flowing through to the capillaries anyway

118
Q

Why are precapillary sphincters important?

A

Helps with body temp and constricts it when it’s cold outside

119
Q

Venule

A

Formed when capillary beds converge

120
Q

Veins

A

Formed when venules converge

They have thin walls and large lumens and are more numerous than arteries

Lower blood pressure than arteries

121
Q

Venous valves

A

Prevent blood back flow

122
Q

Movement of blood for arteries

A

Pumped by the heart and gravity is used in some cases

123
Q

Movement of blood and veins

A

Skeletal muscle pump or respiratory pump or one way valve

124
Q

Body temperature regulation when temperature rises

A

Hypothalamus signals warm blood to flushes into superficial capillary beds to allow heat to radiate from skin and lower body temperature

125
Q

How does sweat cause vasodilation in regulating body temperature?

A

Through BradyKinin in perspiration, by evaporation of hot sweat to cool body

126
Q

As body temperature decreases

A

Tries to keep heat inside main organ and maintain best temp for metabolic reactions

127
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

128
Q

What is arterial blood pressure?

A

Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

129
Q

Why is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) not the average of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

The amount of time that the heart is in systolic pressure is less than the amount of time the heart is in diastolic pressure

1/3 : 2/3

130
Q

MEEN arterial pressure the peripheral resistance in arterials is regulated by what?

A

Baro Receptors and sympathetic nervous system

131
Q

Volume of blood in arteries, determined by…

A

Input and flow out a variable resistance of Arterioles

132
Q

What can MAP assess risk of

A

Hope assess the risk of disorders like Arthur sclerosis or edema

133
Q

Blood flows if…

A

Systolic pressure is bigger than the afterload which is pressure to eject blood

134
Q

What happens if after load increases

A

The an systolic volume increases and the systolic volume decreases meaning harder work must be done to increases stroke volume

135
Q

Main sources of resistance of blood

A

Blood viscosity

Total blood vessel length

Blood vessel diameter

136
Q

Regulation of radius

A

Regulation of resistance
Regulation of map
Regulation of perfusion of tissue

137
Q

Hypotension

A

Blood pressure decreases map, decreases, and systolic and diastolic or low

138
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure is high. The map is high a lot of pressure on the blood vessels and can cause stroke.

139
Q

Regulation of blood pressure includes what types of control

A

Local control and reflex control

140
Q

Local control

A

HypereMia, which is a case of blood flow in the tissue and use of myogenic response of contraction and dialation

141
Q

Reflex control

A

Sympathetic nervous system uses epithet vasoconstrict

142
Q

Blood flow equation

A

Q equals P divided by R

143
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO = SV*HR

144
Q

The elastic systemic arteries are what

A

Pressure reservoir

145
Q

When does the ECG strip denotes?

A

When the SA node fires

146
Q

The beginning of Isovolumic contraction period for the right ventricle is marked by what?

A

Closure of tricuspid valve

147
Q

Blood supply to myocardium is…

A

Coronary circulation

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

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