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Anatomy LECTURE > REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system does not contribute to

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Primary sex organs (gonads)

A

testes and ovaries

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3
Q

Produce gametes (sex cells )

A

sperm & ova

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4
Q

Secrete steroid sex hormones

Male

Female

A

Androgens (males)
Estrogens and progesterone (females)

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5
Q

Sperm delivery pathway

A

Epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

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6
Q

Accessory reproductive organs

A

ducts, glands,
and external genitalia 3

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7
Q

THE SCROTUM

A

Sac of skin and superficial fascia Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity
Contains paired testes

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8
Q

What regularte temp in scrotum

A

Dartos muscle

Cremaster muscles

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9
Q

Dartos muscle

A

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin;
pulls scrotum close to body

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10
Q

Cremaster muscles

A

bands of skeletal muscle that
elevate testes

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11
Q

THE TESTES surrounded by two tunics

A

Tunica vaginalis – outer layer
Tunica albuginea – inner layer;
fibrous capsule

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12
Q

Septa

A

extensions of the capsule that extend
into the testis

Divide testes into lobules

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13
Q

Each lobule contains

A

1-4
seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

Tightly coiled structures
Sperm-forming factories
Interstitial endocrine cells surrounding
seminiferous tubules produce androgens

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15
Q

Ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior

A

-Epididymis
-Ductus deferens
-Ejaculatory duct
-Urethra

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16
Q

Duct of the epididymis

A

Microvilli absorb testicular fluid and pass
nutrients to stored sperm

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17
Q

Duct of the epididymis Process

A

Nonmotile sperm enter
Pass slowly through
Become motile
Stored several months

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18
Q

During ejaculation epididymis contracts,
expelling

A

sperm into ductus deferens

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19
Q

DUCTUS DEFERENS

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

DUCTUS DEFERENS Expands to form what and joins duct of
seminal vesicle to form…

A

ampulla; to form ejaculatory duct

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21
Q

VASECTOMY

A

Cutting and ligating ductus deferens; nearly 100%
effective form of birth control

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22
Q

URETHRA

A

Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Carries both urine and sperm (different times)
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct

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23
Q

Regions of the urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile) urethra

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24
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

—surrounded by prostate

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25
Q

Membranous urethra

A

—from prostatic urethra to penis

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26
Q

Spongy (penile) urethra

A

—runs the length of the penis

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27
Q

ACCESSORY GLANDS help

A

HELP PRODUCE SEMEN

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28
Q

Semen is a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions from

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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29
Q

SEMEN

A

Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Contains fructose for ATP production
Suppresses female immune response

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30
Q

Alkaline

A

neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female
vagina

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31
Q

Prostaglandins

A

decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix;
stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus

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32
Q

ACCESSORY – SEMINAL VESICLES

A

Located at the base of the bladder
o Produces a thick, alkaline, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)

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33
Q

Prostaglandins promote

A

smooth muscle contraction

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34
Q

ACCESSORY – PROSTATE

A

Encircles the upper part of the urethra
Secretes a milky fluid
Helps to activate sperm

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35
Q

ACCESSORY – BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

A

-Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate
-Produces a thick, clear mucus known as pre-ejaculate
-Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine
-Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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36
Q

Genetic determination

A

XY for male, XX for female) @ conception

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37
Q

Gonadal differentiation:

A

SRY gene expression (on Y chromosome) encode testis determining Factor to make gonad to testes

produces testosterone and develop other male features

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38
Q

SPERMATOGENESIS 3 stages

A

Sperm (spermatozoa) production

⚫ Begins at puberty and continues
throughout life, declines with age

3 stages:
⚫ 1. Mitosis: always replenish stock of
spermatogonia
⚫ 2. Meiosis: Spermatogonia (diploid) →
spermatids (haploid)
⚫ 3. Spermiogenesis: morphological changes
of spermatid → spermatozoa

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39
Q

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

A

undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem
cells before puberty

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40
Q

ANATOMY OF A MATURE SPERM CELL

A

The only human flagellated cell
Head
⚫ Contains DNA
⚫ Acrosome

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41
Q

Acrosome

A

breaks down and releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg

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42
Q

TESTOSTERONE

A
  • Stimulates reproductive organ development
    (paracrine)
    ⚫ Underlies sex drive
    ⚫ Causes secondary sex characteristics
    Deepening of voice
    Increased hair growth
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43
Q

Erection

A

Spongy erectile tissue around the urethra

Erections → erectile tissue fills with blood
-Arterioles normally constricted
-Activation of parasympathetic neurons

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44
Q

Ejaculation

A

Propulsion of semen from male duct system
⚫ Sympathetic spinal reflex

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45
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

ssurrounds urethra and
expands to form glans and bulb

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46
Q

Sympathetic spinal reflex

A

Internal urethral sphincter constricts

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47
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

↓ Nitric Oxide (NO)

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48
Q

Ovaries - female gonads produce and secrete

A

Produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone

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49
Q

Accessory ducts include

A

Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

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50
Q

erection viagra

A

NO → activates cGMP
- Viagra prevents breakdown
of cGMP (increases blood flow)

prolongs effect of cGMP aka latch phenomenon & [Ca 2+ ]ic

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51
Q

VAGINA

A

-From cervix to exterior of body
-Between bladder and rectum
-Receives the penis
-Birth canal
-Hymen

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52
Q

UTERUS

A

Receives, retains, nourishes the fertilized egg

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53
Q

Regions of the Uterus (inferior to superior)

A

-Cervix
-body
- Fundus - superior rounded region
above where uterine tube enters

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54
Q

Cervix

A

– that protrudes into the vagina

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55
Q
  • Body
A

is the main portion

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56
Q

fundus

A
  • superior rounded region
    above where uterine tube enters
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57
Q

Semen prostaglandins → decrease

A

viscosity of mucus & trigger peristalsis

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58
Q

WALLS OF THE UTERUS

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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59
Q

Endometrium

A

inner layer
-Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
-Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)

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60
Q

Myometrium

A

middle layer of smooth muscle

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61
Q

Perimetrium

A

outermost serous layer of the
uterus

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62
Q

UTERINE TUBE

A

-Site of fertilization
-Receive the ovulated oocyte
-Attach to the uterus
-Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes

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63
Q

Genetic determination

A

(XX for female) @ conception

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64
Q

female Gonadal differentiation:

A

SRY gene NOT expressed
Degeneration of
male organs → development of female gonads: ovaries

→ produce gametes & hormones, mature follicles

65
Q

female Phenotypic differentiation:

A

strogen & progesterone promote
differentiation of internal and external genitalia

66
Q

Estrogens

A

Produced by follicle cells
⚫ Cause secondary sex characteristics
Enlargement of accessory organs
Development of breasts
Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
Onset of menses (menstrual cycle

67
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by the corpus luteum
⚫ Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
⚫ Major effects
Regulates uterine and ovarian cycle
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts for milk production

68
Q

Mitosis (diploid to diploid

A

produces two daughter cells
⚫ maintains # chromosomes
(23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 chr)
⚫ identical chromosomes w/1 chromatid

69
Q

Meiosis (diploid → haploid

A

formation of gametes
reduction of the chromosome number
23 pairs of chromosomes (2n) → 23 chromosomes (n)
haploid cells (n)
⚫ 4 daughter cells,
⚫ 23 chromosomes w/1 chromatid each
⚫ not identical to each other
10

70
Q

Theca cells

A

Express LH receptor
⚫ when stimulated by LH → produce androgens
⚫ surround the follicle

71
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Express FSH receptor
⚫ When stimulated by FSH → hyperplasia of granulosa cells
to protect and sustain oocyte
⚫ Produce aromatase enzyme:
androgens → estrogens
⚫ After ovulation: become granulosa
lutein cells that produce progesterone

72
Q

Spermatogenesis:

A

Replenish spermatogonia stock
⚫ 4 identical cells (different DNA)
⚫ 4 viable sperm
⚫ error rate of 3-4%

73
Q

Oogenesis

A

Limited number at birth → puberty → menopause
⚫ 1 viable gamete; 3 polar bodies
Unequal divisions ensure oocyte has ample nutrients for 6-7
day journey to uterus
Polar bodies degenerate and die
⚫ error rate of 20%
14

74
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Monthly series of events associated with
maturation of egg

75
Q

Follicular phase

A

period of follicle growth
(days 1–14 or more)
can be highly variable

76
Q

Ovulation

A

occurs mid cycle
1-2% more than 1 secondary oocyte
released

77
Q

Luteal phase

A

period of corpus luteum activity
(days 14–28)
Progesterone and estrogen
little variation - 14 days
17

78
Q

OVARIAN FOLLICLE STAGES SUMMARY

A

Primary follicle contains an immature oocyte
Ovulation occurs when the egg is mature* (secondary oocyte)
The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum

79
Q

Meiosis I is completed
just before ovulation:

A

Primary oocyte
→ secondary oocyte +
polar body

80
Q

Secondary oocyte
arrested

A

in Meiosis II
(until fertilization)

81
Q

HORMONAL EVENTS LEADING UP
TO OVULATION

A

Hypothalamus releases gnrh which tell Anterior pituitary to Secrete FSH and LH, High LH triggers ovulation, from fsh tell ovary to release egg

as the follicle
grows → leads to
estrogen secretion

LOW levels of
estrogens encourage
the hypothalamus to
release more GnRH
→ more FSH and LH

82
Q

HORMONAL EVENTS AT AND AFTER OVULATION

A

Ovulation: follicle
ruptures releases
secondary oocyte

Corpus luteum release Progesterone
and estrogen Negative
feedback on
hypothalamus

Less GnRh → less
FSH and LH

Corpus luteum
degenerates* (Does not happen if egg is fertilized
and implants)

decrease in Progesterone
and estrogen

83
Q

As progesterone and estrogen levels decrease the
hypothalamus again releases GnRH

A

stimulates the pituitary
to secrete more FSH and LH → new cycle begins

84
Q

UTERINE (MENSTRUAL) CYCLE

A

Cyclic changes of the endometrium are regulated by cyclic
production of hormones

85
Q

Stages of the menstrual cycle

A

⚫ Menstrual phase
⚫ Proliferative stage
⚫ Secretory stage

86
Q

Menstrual phase: Days “1–5”

A

⚫ Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
bleeding occurs for 3–5 days (varies)

87
Q

Proliferative stage: Days “6–14”

A

⚫ Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium
⚫ Estrogen levels rise → LH surge → ovulation

88
Q

Secretory stage: Days “15–28”

A

⚫ Levels of progesterone rise → Increase the blood supply to the endometrium
→ Endometrium increases in size & prepares for implantation

89
Q

Secretory stage: If fertilization occurs →

A

embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin
→ causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones

90
Q

Secretory stage If fertilization does NOT occur

A

Corpus luteum degenerates
↘ levels of released hormones
New cycle starts

91
Q

HOW DOES THE BIRTH CONTROL WORK?

A

The “pill” usually contains
both estrogen & progestin
(at low levels)

NO GnRH no
OVULATION.
⇒ No pregnancy

92
Q

Synthetic progestin and estrogen (in pill) mimic

A

the negative
feedback loop at the hypothalamus
→ STOPS production GnRH → NO production of FSH and LH
o → NO ovulation → NO pregnancy

93
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Females

A
  • Breast development signals puberty (often around age 11)
  • Menarche is the first menstrual period
  • Menopause occurs when a full year has passed without menstruation
    -Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
    -childbearing ability ends
    -There is no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is a steady decline in
    testosterone
94
Q

SPERM TRAVEL THROUGH THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

A

Testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens →
Ejaculatory duct → Urethra (prostatic, membranous,
spongy) → out of male body → Vagina → Uterus
(cervix, body) → uterine tube

95
Q

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

A

Union of an egg (n, 23 chromosomes) with
a sperm (n, 23 chromosomes)
creates a zygote (2n or 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 chromosomes)

96
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

an abnormal
implantation of a fertilized egg that occurs
outside the uterus, usually fallopian tube
(tubal pregnancy)

97
Q

FERTILIZATION

A

The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation
Sperm are viable for 2 to 5 days after ejaculation
~3-5 day window for fertilization to occur

98
Q

The Process of Fertilization

A

Sperm capacitation (7-10hs)
⚫ Sperm surface proteins bind to
egg receptor proteins:
sperm and egg plasma membranes
fuse & two nuclei unite
⚫ Changes in the egg membrane:
prevent entry of additional sperm
(polyspermy)
⚫ The fertilized egg (zygote):
develops into an embryo 8

99
Q

THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION 7 steps

A
  • The sperm
    approaches
    the egg
  • Proteins on the
    sperm head bind to
    egg receptors
  • The plasma
    membranes of sperm
    and egg fuse
  • The sperm
    nucleus
    enters the egg
    cytoplasm
  • A fertilization
    envelope forms
  • The sperm’s
    acrosomal enzymes
    digest the egg’s jelly
    coat
  • The nuclei of
    sperm and egg
    fuse
100
Q

PRE-EMBRYONIC STAGE: CLEAVAGE

A

From the zygote (1 cell) to hundred cells packed.

101
Q

Rapid cell cycles with no significant volume change = morula (solid ball)

A

→ Blastocyst (hollow ball with cell mass)
→ Gastrula (ball with invagination)

102
Q

CLEAVAGE (D2-4)
Rapid cell cycles with
no significant overall
Vol change

A

morula
has the same size as
the original zygote

103
Q

Cleavage ends with

A

zygotic transcription

104
Q

in cleavage Blastomeres develop
distinct

A

cell-cell &
cell-medium
interactions.

105
Q

in clevage Gap and tight junctions
form on

A

superficial
cells.

106
Q

Na+/K+ pump expressed and Na+ (and water) are absorbed through

A

newly expressed channels. creating Blastocyst

107
Q

Start off as a totipotent cell (morula)

A

Can form any cell in body AND placenta cells
⚫ Up to 8-cell stage, cells are totipotent

108
Q

The blastocyst contains an inner cell layer mass of pluripotent cells

A

Can form any cell in body

109
Q

Blastocyst is:

A

inner cell mass
(embryoblast) + trophoblast

110
Q

Embryoblast becomes
Trophoblast becomes

A

the embryo

the chorion and
amnion (from where the embryo eats
[tropho-]

111
Q

Trophoblast cells secrete

A

human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone

112
Q

human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone maintain

A

maintains corpus luteum

113
Q

Late Blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida and implant

A

→ implantation in
uterine wall

114
Q

PRE-EMBRYONIC STAGE: IMPLANTATION

A
  • Blastocyst adheres to endometrium
    ● at adherence, trophoblast cells differentiate

● hCG production continues and
stimulates the corpus luteum
→ ↗ estrogen & progesterone

115
Q

● at adherence, trophoblast cells differentiate

A

:
○ superficial syncytiotrophoblast
(multinucleated mass)
○ Cytotrophoblast

116
Q

PRE-EMBRYONIC STAGE: IMPLANTATION
Syncytiotrophoblast will cover the
blastocyst as it

A

digest endometrial
cells and penetrates the endometrium.

117
Q

PRE-EMBRYONIC STAGE: IMPLANTATION

A
  • Endometrium engulfs the blastocyst
    ● Amniotic cavity forms, separating
    embryoblast from trophoblast
    (amnion)
    ● Embryoblast flattens embryonic disc and cover amniotic and yolk sac
118
Q

GASTRULATION

A
  • Differentiation of cells forming
    primitive streak → primitive groove
    ⇒ bilateral symmetry
    ● Trilaminar germ layers from epiblast (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
    )
119
Q

TRIMESTERS: THE FIRST TRIMESTER weeks

A

First Trimester: Weeks 1-12

120
Q

DEVELOPMENT AFTER IMPLANTATION:
EXTRA-EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES

A
  • Chorionic villi (projections of the blastocyst)
    & cells of the uterus form the placenta
  • Amnion
    -Umbilical cord
121
Q

Amnion

A

⚫ fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo

122
Q

Umbilical cord

A

⚫ Blood-vessel containing
stalk of tissue
⚫ Attaches the embryo to the
placenta

123
Q

ORGANOGENESIS: embryonic stage

A

Within the first 8 weeks of fertilization,
appear rudimentary structures of all organs and
tissues
Neurulation (NS) & somites (muscles, skeleton,
dermis) @ 4th week

124
Q

ORGANOGENESIS: embryonic stage

Heart begins beating
Limb movements

A

@ 4th week
@ 6th week
⚫ muscle contraction
⚫ neural connections

125
Q

SEX DETERMINATION WEEKS

A

7-10 weeks

126
Q

THE FETUS
(BEGINNING OF THE NINTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT

A

All organ systems are formed
Growth and organ specialization
Growth and change in appearance

127
Q

SECOND TRIMESTER

A

Weeks 12-~26
- Growth and refinement of the human
features

128
Q

THIRD TRIMESTER

A
  • The third trimester ends in birth
    “Full term” ranges from 37 to 42 weeks
  • Full lung maturation
129
Q

PREMATURE BIRTH

A

Before 37 weeks

at 26 weeks surfactant for lungs has not developed yet which is less likely to survive

130
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE PLACENTA

A
  • Delivers nutrients and oxygen
  • Removes waste from embryonic blood
  • Becomes an endocrine organ and takes over
    for the corpus luteum (by end of second
    month) by producing
    ⚫ Estrogen
    ⚫ Progesterone
    ⚫ Other hormones that
    maintain pregnancy
    hCG
131
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE PLACENTA - Becomes an endocrine organ and takes over
for the corpus luteum (by end of second
month) by producing

A

⚫ Estrogen
⚫ Progesterone
⚫ Other hormones that
maintain pregnancy
hCG

132
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

hCG found in urine at high concentrations and
The test works by mixing the urine sample with antibodies that bind to hCG. If hCG is present, the antibodies bind to it, and the test will show a positive result.

133
Q

Leydig cells secrete and are stimulated by

A

testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

134
Q

The normal diploid number of human chromosomes is

A

46

135
Q

the structures that draw an ovulated oocyte into the female duct system are

A

fimbriae

136
Q

The hormone that most directly influences the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, with or without pregnancy, is ____ .

A

progesterone

137
Q

During the luteal phase, progesterone level is low or high

A

high

138
Q

The layer of cells closest to a mature secondary oocyte is the ____ .

A

corona radiata

139
Q

Before secreting milk, the mammary glands excrete

A

colostrum

140
Q

Few women become pregnant while nursing because _______ inhibits GnRH secretion.

A

prolactin

141
Q

As sperm first reach the oocyte, they will contact the ______ .

A

corona radiata

142
Q

Cleavage produces daughter cells called

A

blastomeres

143
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is destined to become the _____.

A

embryo

144
Q

Labor occurs in three stages

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Delivery of the placenta

144
Q

Dilation

A
  • Uterine contractions begin
    and increase
    ⚫ Cervix becomes dilated
    Full dilation is 10 cm
    ⚫ Cervix softens and effaces
    (thins)
    ⚫ Often amnion ruptures
    (“breaking the water”)
145
Q

Expulsion

A
  • Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
    ⚫ Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth
    and 20 minutes in subsequent births
    ⚫ Normal delivery is head first (vertex position)
    ⚫ Breech presentation is buttocks-first
146
Q

Placental stage

A
  • Delivery of the placenta
    Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes
    ⚫ Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant
    ⚫ All placental fragments should be removed to avoid postpartum
    bleeding
147
Q

MAMMARY GLANDS

A
  • in Both sexes
  • Areola
    Contain glandular
    alveoli that
    produce milk
148
Q

lactiferous ducts
to

A

lactiferous
sinuses → open to
outside at nipple

149
Q

LACTATION

A

Toward end of pregnancy
- Placental estrogens,
progesterone, and human
placental lactogen
→ hypothalamus to release
prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs)
→ Anterior pituitary releases
prolactin

150
Q

Early milk =

A

Colostrum

Less lactose but more protein,

151
Q

Prolactin builds up towards

A

end
of pregnancy

152
Q

Prolactin release decrease or in crease after birth

A

decrease after birth

153
Q

Lactation sustained by
mechanical

A

stimulation of
nipples - suckling

154
Q

Suckling causes afferent
impulses to

A

hypothalamus

  1. prolactin → stimulates milk
    production for next feeding
  2. oxytocin from posterior pituitary
    cause Milk ejection
155
Q

BENEFITS OF LACTATION TO CHILD

A

Immune benefits

Brain development

Lowers risk of child and adult
diseases

156
Q

BENEFITS OF LACTATION TO MOTHER

A
  • Decreased risk of osteoporosis
  • Decreased risk of weight-gain
    & faster loss of excess weight
    gained through pregnancy
  • Mother-child bonding
  • Reduction of risk of postpartum
    depression
  • Decreased risk of cancer
157
Q

JAUNDICE

A

yellow discoloration in a skin and eyes

excess of bilirubin in blood

158
Q

If the child has type A or B blood and the mother has
type O blood there is an increased risk of jaundice

A

ABO incompatibility,

where the mother’s antibodies can attack the baby’s red blood cells, causing the baby to develop jaundice

; this is because a type O mother naturally produces antibodies against both A and B antigens present in a baby with type A or B blood

destroying thir blood cells and lead to increased bilirubin levels, causing jaundice

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

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