BLOOD PART 2

Question 1

Blood loss is not ..…

Answer 1

A sustainable state

Question 2

Hemostasis

Answer 2

Stopping blood loss by clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues

Question 3

Steps of hemostasis

Answer 3

Vascular spasm aka vasoconstriction

Platelets plug formation

Coagulation

Question 4

Vasoconstriction

Answer 4

Limit the flow to limit blood loss

Question 5

Plug formation and what feed back loop is it

Answer 5

Platelets will act as temporary plug by getting activated by sticking to collogen fibers (aggregation)

Then will swell become spiked and sticky release chemical messengers like adp, seratpnin, calcium

Positive feedback loop

Question 6

What tissues make up the vessel wall from top to bottom

Answer 6

Connective
Smooth muscle
Connective

Question 7

How is couagulation prevented

Answer 7

Molecules made by healthy endothelial cells to prevent couagulation

Question 8

What type of connective tissue is present surrounding blood vessels

Answer 8

RETICULAR CT and many more

Question 9

What happens when you lose endothelial cells

Answer 9

You start losing important molecules and therefore start losing blood

Question 10

What the main protein present in the extra cellular matrix of most connective tissues

Answer 10

Collagen

Question 11

Spectrin

Answer 11

Protein for The elasticity and Shape of red blood cells

Question 12

Fibrin

Answer 12

Are sticky and has clotting factors and help stabilize plugs

Question 13

Two coagulation pathway

Answer 13

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 14

Instinct pathway or contact activation

Answer 14

Triggered when there is damage inside blood vessel

Platelets are activated and stick to collogen and factors are activate

Then joins common pathway to turn fibrogen into fibrin that holds clot together to stop bleeding

Question 15

Extrinsic pathway or tissue factor

Answer 15

When there is wound there is trigger by tissue factor or factor 3

Has fewer reactions and faster

Then joins common pathway to turn fibrogen into fibrin that holds clot together to stop bleeding

Question 16

What ion is essential coagulation

Answer 16

Calcium

Question 17

Coagulation overview

Answer 17

Reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads

Blood transform from liquid to gel

And has three phases of coagulation

Question 18

Three phases of coagulation

Answer 18

Prothrombin activator formation

Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin

Thrombin Catalyzes fibrogren to fibrin

Question 19

Hemostasis recap

Answer 19

Muscle contracts, causing vasal constructions

Platelet formation occurs and the injury to the lining of the vessel, exposes collagen fibers, causing platelets to activate

Then they start sticking to the edges, creating platelet

Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot

Question 20

Do platelets have actin and myosin

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Vessel repair what happens after Acton and myosin in platelets contract

Answer 21

The contraction pulls on the strand, squeezing serum from the clot drawing the ruptured blood vessels together

Question 22

What does PDGF do

Answer 22

Platelet derived growth factor helps to divide smooth muscle cells and fiber blast to rebuild blood vessels outer wall

Question 23

What does VEGF?

Answer 23

Vascular, endothelial growth, factor restores endothelial lining of blood vessels

Question 24

Fibrinnolysis

Answer 24

Remove unneeded clots after healing and begins within two days and continues for several days

Question 25

Plasmin

Answer 25

A fiber digesting enzyme produced by activated plasminogen trapped during clot Occurred formation, which is a negative feedback Loop

Question 26

Thrombos

Answer 26

Blood clot

Question 27

Embolus

Answer 27

Unattached mass that travels in the bloodstream

Question 28

Retrograde Thrombelmbolism

Answer 28

The emboli moves in the opposite direction of the blood flow and seen in blood vessels with low pressure or of heavy emboli

Question 29

Anterograde embolism

Answer 29

Movement of emboli in the direction of blood flow

Question 30

Thrombocytopenia and how is it treated?

Answer 30

Bleeding disorder Deficiency and circulating platelets less than 50,000 with transfusion of concentrated platelets

Question 31

Thrombocytes aka…

Answer 31

Platelets

Question 32

Petechiae

Answer 32

Appear from widespread hemmorage appear as round spot on skin

Question 33

Bleeding disorder and the inability to synthesize pro coagulants

Answer 33

Impaired liver function From vitamin K deficiency , hepatitis

Question 34

Why is vitamin K required?

Answer 34

For synthesis of some clotting factors

Question 35

Bleeding disorder hemophilia includes…

Answer 35

Is hereditary, bleeding disorder with types a b and caused by a deficiency and a specific factor

Question 36

Disseminated intravascular coagulation and causes

Answer 36

Widespread clotting in intact vessels and severe bleeding , residual blood unable to clot Usally pregnancy complication it incompatible blood transfusion

Question 37

Why is it recommended not to take aspirin before surgery?

Answer 37

Because it is a blood thinner and will prevent formation of clots and cause a lot of bleeding

Question 38

What happens when a type A blood person gets a transfusion with a type B Blood

Answer 38

The anti - B antibodies will attack the group B cell

Question 39

In packed red blood cells plasma is…

Answer 39

Is not transferred meaning no donor antibodies are present and is used to restore oxygen carrying capacity

Question 40

What antibodies does blood type O produce and what type can it get blood from

Answer 40

It had A and B antibodies and only can get blood from type O

Question 41

Aging and damage erythrocytes are removed from circulation by…

Answer 41

Macrophages

Question 42

Those who live at sea level should a high or low hematocrit than people at high altitude

Answer 42

Lower hematocrit than individuals living at high altitude

Question 43

The initial stage of the red blood cell delivered into the blood before it is fully mature is the…

Answer 43

Reticulocyte

Question 44

The principal role of oxygen is to…

Answer 44

Allow oxidative phosphorylation for the production of ATP

Question 45

Your friend is feeling tired and has a headache and his he is 60% which is elevated because the normal is approximately 45%. What would you recommend?

Answer 45

Drink more water because they’re probably dehydrated

Question 46

What factor helps rebuild smooth muscle and connective tissue

Answer 46

Platlet derived growth factor

Question 47

What factor helps rebuild the endothelial cells

Answer 47

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 48

What enzyme is involved in fibrinolysis?

Answer 48

Plasmin

Question 49

The time it takes for enzymes and factors to break down blood clots

Answer 49

Enzymes take days factors take minutes

Question 50

What chemicals are released from healthy endothelial cells?

Answer 50

PGI prevent coagulation

Question 51

What role does PGI play when blood vessel has been damaged?

Answer 51

To keep platelet plug localized

Question 52

What factor helps platelets to become activated by collagen fiber

Answer 52

Van willebrand factor

Question 53

When activated platelets release different chemicals why does this make it a positive feedback loop

Answer 53

Once chemicals are released, more platelets are activated

Question 54

What is red blood cell names based off of?

Answer 54

Based on antigens also known as agglutinogens who are promoters of agglutination

Question 55

Type A blood, agglutinogen and it’s antibody

Answer 55

A antigen and anti B -antibodies

Question 56

What is another name for the blood antibodies?

Answer 56

Agglutinins

Question 57

Agglutinins bind to ….

Answer 57

Agglutinogens leading to agglutination

Question 58

What does whole blood transfusion mean?

Answer 58

Donor antibodies included

Question 59

What are packed red blood cells and what does it mean?

Answer 59

Plas and white blood cells are removed and no plasma means no donor antibodies

Question 60

Donor cells in incompatible transfusion reactions…

Answer 60

Attacked by recipients plasma, antibodies, and clog, small vessels and ruptured to release hemoglobin

Question 61

What does donor to recipient result in , in incompatible transfusion reaction

Answer 61

Diminish oxygen carrying capacity diminished blood flow, and hemoglobin is in kidneys tube, which causes renal failure

Question 62

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is called and who does it occur?

Answer 62

Erythroblastosis Occurs in moms with Rh minus and fetus with Rh plus

Question 63

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 63

Rh minus mom exposed to Rh plus blood of fears during delivery of her first baby and they will be healthy But then the mother will synthesize anti Rh antibodies so when she has a second pregnancy, those antibodies will cross the present and destroy the red blood cells of the Rh plus baby

Question 64

Agglutination

Answer 64

Antigen and antibodies of the same type is deadly, which causes clotting

Question 65

which blood type is a universal donor and a universal receiver adding Rh

Answer 65

O- is universal donor AB+ universal receiver

Question 66

Which blood types has no antibodies and no antigens

Answer 66

AB has no antibodies O, has no antigen

Question 67

In Rh what blood type cannot be a donor

Answer 67

Rh + can’t be given to any -

Question 68

When determining blood type compatibility…

Answer 68

Receiver to doner Antibody attacks antigen

Question 69

It is the most abundant cell in the Buffy coat

Answer 69

Platelets

Question 70

It’s the most abundant component of the Buffy coat

Answer 70

Lymphocytes