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Anatomy LECTURE > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

gastric bypass

Hunger?

A

creating a small pouch at the top of the stomach and bypassing most of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine, effectively limiting how much food you can eat at once and significantly reducing your appetite by altering the signals your body sends about hunger, leading to a feeling of fullness after consuming small meals; this means you will typically feel less hungry after the surgery compared to before

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2
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Two groups of organs

A

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract

Accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)

function and organs

A

Digests food and absorbs fragments

o Mouth
o Pharynx
o Esophagus
o Stomach
o Small intestine
o Large intestine
o Anus

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4
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

o Teeth, tongue, gallbladder
o Digestive glands
Salivary glands (Parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
Liver
Pancreas

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5
Q

DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
Six steps

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical breakdown
  4. Chemical breakdown
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY) ANATOMY

A
  • Vestibule
  • Oral cavity proper
  • Tongue
  • Tonsils
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7
Q

Vestibule cell type

A

non-keratinized strat. squam. epith

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8
Q

tongue components

A

⚫ Hyoid bone, styloid processes of the temporal bone,
and lingual frenulum
Ankyloglossia

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9
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

a condition that limits tongue movement due to a short, thick, or tight lingual frenulum.

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10
Q

The lingual frenulum

A

membrane that connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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11
Q

Tongue functions

A

-Mechanical processing
- Assistance in chewing
and swallowing
- Formation of bolus
-Sensory analysis
-Lubrication

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12
Q

Tonsils
components

A

⚫ Palatine
⚫ Lingual

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13
Q

teeth

A

-Masticate food
-Humans have two sets of teeth
-Classification of Teeth

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14
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

baby teeth

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15
Q

Classification of Teeth

A

-Incisors - cutting
⚫ Canines - tearing or piercing
⚫ Premolars - grinding
⚫ Molars - grinding

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16
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS

Mucus and serous fluids
⚫ Helps to form a bolus
⚫ Dissolves chemicals
Gustation
⚫ Contains salivary amylase
starch digestion = breaks down complex
sugars

A

Three pairs of salivary glands

Saliva

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17
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands

A

⚫ Parotid
⚫ Submandibular
⚫ Sublingual

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18
Q

saliva

A

Mucus and serous fluids
⚫ Helps to form a bolus
⚫ Dissolves chemicals
-gusTATION

-Contains salivary amylase
starch digestion = breaks down complex
sugars

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19
Q

starch digestion = breaks down complex
sugars

A

= breaks down complex
sugars

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20
Q

DIGESTIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE MOUTH

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown

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21
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

⚫ Mastication
⚫ Mixing with saliva
⚫ Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
-Allows for the sense of taste

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22
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-Food is mixed with saliva
⚫ Starch is broken down into maltose by
salivary amylase

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23
Q

PHARYNX PHYSIOLOGY

A

Passageway for air and food

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Food is propelled to the esophagus

24
Q

Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers

A
  • longitudinal (external, superficial) and
    ⚫ circular (internal, deep) layers

by Peristalsis

25
Q

ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

A
  • Tube: Pharynx to stomach
    ⚫ Conducts food by peristalsis
    ⚫ Passageway for food only

-non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium

26
Q

Epiglottis

A

blocks passageway to trachea when swallowing or chewing

27
Q

DEGLUTITION phases

A

Buccal phase

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

28
Q

Buccal phase

A
  • Voluntary and occurs in the mouth
    ⚫ Bolus formed and forced into the pharynx by the
    tongue
29
Q

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

⚫ Involuntary transport of the bolus
⚫ Peristalsis
⚫ Cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food
presses against it

30
Q

All passageways except to the stomach are blocked (what are they)

A
  • Tongue blocks off the mouth
  • Soft palate (and uvula) blocks the nasopharynx
  • Epiglottis blocks the larynx
31
Q

PERISTALSIS

A

MOVEMENT OF DIGESTIVE MATERIAL

o Visceral smooth muscle
o pacemaker cells
o Waves that move a bolus

32
Q

LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa + glands
  • Muscularis
    -Serosa
33
Q

Mucosa tissue

A
  • non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamina propria (areolar CT, vessels, nerves, IS [MALT])
  • muscularis mucosae (smooth m.)
34
Q

Muscularis: tissue

A
  • (deep) circular
  • (superficial) longitudinal
35
Q

Serosa: tissue

A
  • epithelium
  • areolar CT
36
Q

PERISTALSIS VS SEGMENTATION

A
  • Smooth muscle regulated by
    pacemaker cells
    o Peristalsis causes waves that move
    a bolus
    o Segmentation churns, mixes, and
    fragments a bolus
37
Q

steps of swallowing and peristalsis

A
  • Buccal phase
    Tongue presses against the hard palate,
    forcing the food bolus into the
    oropharynx
  • The pharyngeal-esophageal phase
    *Uvula and larynx prevent food from entering respiratory passageways.
    *The tongue blocks off the mouth.
    *The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing food
    to enter the esophagus.
  • The upper esophageal sphincter contracts
    (closes) after food enters
  • Peristalsis moves
    food through the
    esophagus to the
    stomach.
  • The gastroesophageal
    sphincter opens,
    and food enters the stomach
38
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH

A
  • Mechanical breakdown
  • Chemical breakdown
  • Production of intrinsic factor
    Storage
  • Delivers chyme (processed food) to the
  • small intestine
    Very little absorption of nutrients
39
Q

STOMACH ANATOMY

A
  • Left side of the abdominal cavity
  • cardioesophageal sphincter – pyloric sphincter
    (valves)
  • Acid reflux / Heartburn
40
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

⚫ Cardiac region
⚫ Fundus
⚫ Body
⚫ Pylorus is the funnel-shaped terminal end

41
Q

Rugae

A

are internal folds of the mucosa

42
Q

External regions of stomach

A
  • Lesser curvature
    ⚫ Greater curvature
43
Q

How could the beer have triggered or
heightened the heartburn symptoms.

A

essentially, the beer can cause the stomach to push acid back up into the esophagus, leading to heartburn.

44
Q

STOMACH: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY tunics

A
  • Muscularis externa
    Three layers of smooth muscle
  • Mucosa
45
Q

Muscularis externa

A
  • inner layer allows stomach to churn, mix,
    move, and physically break down food
46
Q

mucosa

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium and secretory cells
  • Mucous cells
47
Q

Mucous cells

A

Secrete two-layer coat of alkaline mucus

48
Q

SECRETORY CELLS – STOMACH MUCOSA

A

Mucous neck cells

Chief cells:

Parietal cells:

Enteroendocrine cells:

49
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

thin, acidic mucus

50
Q

Chief cells

A

digest Lipases
o Digest ~15% of lipids Rennin works on digesting milk protein in
infants, not adults

51
Q

Chief cells pepsinogen breaks down

A

pepsin in acid

52
Q

chief cells Rennin

A

works on digesting milk protein in
infants, not adults

53
Q

parietal cells

A
  • intrinsic factor (IF) for vitamin B 12
    absorption
    ⚫ Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
    Stomach content pH: 1.5-3.5
54
Q

Enteroendocrine cells: Hormones

A

⚫ G cells secrete Gastrin
⚫ D cells secrete somatostatin

55
Q
A

Anatomy LECTURE (9 decks)

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