urinary system

Question 1

functions ?

Answer 1

Excretion:formation of urine to remove
Regulation:Modifying the volume and solute balance in plasma

Question 2

where does excretion of urine occur in body?

Answer 2

through the kidneys to the Urethra

Question 3

where does regulation occur in body?

Answer 3

mammalian kidney

Question 4

position of the kidneys in the body?

Answer 4

near top of abdominal cavity, imbedded in adipose tissue, anchored by renal fascia, covered by renal capsule

Question 5

Kidney internal structure?

Answer 5

an outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis in the region called the hilum

Question 6

nephron?

Answer 6

produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood.

Question 7

cortical nephron

Answer 7

-type of nephron(85%)
-tubular system penetrating into the medulla(short loop of Henle)
-function is excretion&regulation

Question 8

blood flow into and around a
nephron?

Answer 8

Renal artery -> Afferent arterioles -> Glomerulus -> Arterioles(carries out of kidney)

Question 9

functional role renal corpuscle?

Answer 9

-Blood is filtered by the glomerulus
-filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) is collected in the Bowman’s capsule

round part of nephron, before the proximal tubular

Question 10

functional role of proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 10

-absorption of H2O, organic molecules(glucose amino acids), vitmines & ions
-secretion of materials, drugs
-facilitated diffusion&cotransport.
-osmosis through aquaporins

Question 11

functional role of loop of Henle?

Answer 11

-absorption of H2O, Na+,Cl-
-reabsorbs 25% H2O, Na+,Cl-

Question 12

functional role of distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 12

-absorption of Na+, Ca2+, H2O
-Secretion of ions, acids, drugs&toxins

regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

Question 13

functional role of collecting duct?

Answer 13

-final adjustments to osmolarity of filtrate(by collecting duct)
-Papillary duct receives filtrate from several medullary collecting ducts

Question 14

processes in urine formation and know where they occur?

Answer 14

-Glomerular filtration:filtered to remove excess fluid and waste
-Tubular reabsorption:back into the bloodstream
-Tubular secretion: removed from the renal tubular cells -> collecting duct. final step in urine formation

Question 15

how is glomerular filtration rate controlled?

Answer 15

-Local autoregulation
-Hormonal regulation
-Autonomic regulation (involuntary)

Question 16

how do hormones influence absorption in the tubules?

Answer 16

The hormone also promotes sodium retention and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions by the kidney

Question 17

flow of urine from the kidneys to the urethral opening (in males)?

Answer 17

Kidney → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

Question 18

flow of urine from the kidneys to the urethral opening (in females)?

Answer 18

Kidney → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

Question 19

structure/layers of the ureters?

Answer 19

-innermost mucosa:expansion&contraction
-muscularis: consisting of longitudinal&circular smooth muscle
-outermost adventitia:fibrous connective tissue

Question 20

structure of the bladder?

Answer 20

-Mucosa
-muscularis:detrusor muscle
-adventitia:visceral. peritoneum

Question 21

structure of the urethra?

Answer 21

thin walled muscular tube
-mucosa
-muscularis
-adventia

Question 22

processes that lead to urination?

Answer 22

-bladder expands to hold urine, nerve signals are sent to brain
-brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, or contract, and the sphincter muscles to relax
-squeezed out of the bladder and through the urethra

Question 23

kidneys?

Answer 23

produce urine

Question 24

ureters?

Answer 24

transport urine toward the urinary bladder

Question 25

urinary bladder?

Answer 25

temporally stores urine

Question 26

urethra

Answer 26

conducts urine to exterior; in males, it also transports semen

Question 27

mammalian kidney

Answer 27

-filters out everything in blood plasma
-reabsorbs useful organic molecules like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, proteins

Question 28

juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 28

-type of nephron(15%)
-tubular system extending DEEP into the medulla(long loop of Henle)
-function is excretion, regulation&modulating water concentration of urine

Question 29

proximal convoluted tubule cell types lining

Answer 29

-simple cuboidal microvillar epithelium

Question 30

renal corpuscle cell types lining

Answer 30

-outer parietal layer simple squamous epithelium
-visceral layer is simple squamous epithelium lined by podocytes

Question 31

loop of Henle? cell types lining

Answer 31

-descending limb: simple squamous epithelium
-ascending limb:cuboidal epithelium

Question 32

Loop of Henle:Descending limb

Answer 32

-permeable to water(via aquaprins) but NOT ions
-part of countercurrent multiplication

Question 33

Loop of Henle: Asending limb

Answer 33

-permeable to ions, but NOT water (no aquaporins)

Question 34

distal convoluted tubule cell types lining

Answer 34

-Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 35

collecting duct cell types lining

Answer 35

-simple cuboidal epithelium
-principal cells

Question 36

Aldosterone hormone?

Answer 36

-increases # of Na+/K+ counter transporters
-in DCT&CD

Question 37

Parathyroid hormone & Calcitriol?

Answer 37

-increase CA+ absorption&phosphate excretion
-in DCT&CD

Question 38

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 38

-stimulates water reabsorption in distal tubules
-DCT&CD

Question 39

Healthy urine levels?

Answer 39

low levels of
-glucose
-Ketons
-lipids
-amino acids
-RBC & WBC

Question 40

if GFR drops?

Answer 40

-blood pressure goes down
-efferent arteriole constricts
-afferent arteriole dilates
increase GFR

in autoregulation to/from the glomerulus

Question 41

If GFR is too high?

Answer 41

-blood pressure goes up
-efferent arteriole dilates
-afferent arteriole constricts
decrease GFR

in autoregulation to/from the glomerulus