urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

functions ?

A

Excretion:formation of urine to remove
Regulation:Modifying the volume and solute balance in plasma

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2
Q

where does excretion of urine occur in body?

A

through the kidneys to the Urethra

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3
Q

where does regulation occur in body?

A

mammalian kidney

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4
Q

position of the kidneys in the body?

A

near top of abdominal cavity, imbedded in adipose tissue, anchored by renal fascia, covered by renal capsule

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5
Q

Kidney internal structure?

A

an outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis in the region called the hilum

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6
Q

nephron?

A

produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood.

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7
Q

cortical nephron

A

-type of nephron(85%)
-tubular system penetrating into the medulla(short loop of Henle)
-function is excretion&regulation

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8
Q

blood flow into and around a
nephron?

A

Renal artery -> Afferent arterioles -> Glomerulus -> Arterioles(carries out of kidney)

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9
Q

functional role renal corpuscle?

A

-Blood is filtered by the glomerulus
-filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) is collected in the Bowman’s capsule

round part of nephron, before the proximal tubular

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10
Q

functional role of proximal convoluted tubule?

A

-absorption of H2O, organic molecules(glucose amino acids), vitmines & ions
-secretion of materials, drugs
-facilitated diffusion&cotransport.
-osmosis through aquaporins

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11
Q

functional role of loop of Henle?

A

-absorption of H2O, Na+,Cl-
-reabsorbs 25% H2O, Na+,Cl-

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12
Q

functional role of distal convoluted tubule?

A

-absorption of Na+, Ca2+, H2O
-Secretion of ions, acids, drugs&toxins

regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

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13
Q

functional role of collecting duct?

A

-final adjustments to osmolarity of filtrate(by collecting duct)
-Papillary duct receives filtrate from several medullary collecting ducts

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14
Q

processes in urine formation and know where they occur?

A

-Glomerular filtration:filtered to remove excess fluid and waste
-Tubular reabsorption:back into the bloodstream
-Tubular secretion: removed from the renal tubular cells -> collecting duct. final step in urine formation

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15
Q

how is glomerular filtration rate controlled?

A

-Local autoregulation
-Hormonal regulation
-Autonomic regulation (involuntary)

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16
Q

how do hormones influence absorption in the tubules?

A

The hormone also promotes sodium retention and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions by the kidney

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17
Q

flow of urine from the kidneys to the urethral opening (in males)?

A

Kidney → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

18
Q

flow of urine from the kidneys to the urethral opening (in females)?

A

Kidney → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

19
Q

structure/layers of the ureters?

A

-innermost mucosa:expansion&contraction
-muscularis: consisting of longitudinal&circular smooth muscle
-outermost adventitia:fibrous connective tissue

20
Q

structure of the bladder?

A

-Mucosa
-muscularis:detrusor muscle
-adventitia:visceral. peritoneum

21
Q

structure of the urethra?

A

thin walled muscular tube
-mucosa
-muscularis
-adventia

22
Q

processes that lead to urination?

A

-bladder expands to hold urine, nerve signals are sent to brain
-brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, or contract, and the sphincter muscles to relax
-squeezed out of the bladder and through the urethra

23
Q

kidneys?

A

produce urine

24
Q

ureters?

A

transport urine toward the urinary bladder

25
urinary bladder?
temporally stores urine
26
urethra
conducts urine to exterior; in males, it also transports semen
27
mammalian kidney
-filters out everything in blood plasma -reabsorbs useful organic molecules like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, proteins
28
juxtamedullary nephron
-type of nephron(15%) -tubular system extending DEEP into the medulla(long loop of Henle) -function is excretion, regulation&modulating water concentration of urine
29
proximal convoluted tubule cell types lining
-simple cuboidal microvillar epithelium
30
renal corpuscle cell types lining
-outer parietal layer simple squamous epithelium -visceral layer is simple squamous epithelium lined by podocytes
31
loop of Henle? cell types lining
-descending limb: simple squamous epithelium -ascending limb:cuboidal epithelium
32
Loop of Henle:Descending limb
-permeable to water(via aquaprins) but NOT ions -part of countercurrent multiplication
33
Loop of Henle: Asending limb
-permeable to ions, but NOT water (no aquaporins)
34
distal convoluted tubule cell types lining
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
35
collecting duct cell types lining
-simple cuboidal epithelium -principal cells
36
Aldosterone hormone?
-increases # of Na+/K+ counter transporters -in DCT&CD
37
Parathyroid hormone & Calcitriol?
-increase CA+ absorption&phosphate excretion -in DCT&CD
38
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-stimulates water reabsorption in distal tubules -DCT&CD
39
Healthy urine levels?
low levels of -glucose -Ketons -lipids -amino acids -RBC & WBC
40
if GFR drops?
-blood pressure goes down -efferent arteriole constricts -afferent arteriole dilates *increase GFR* | in autoregulation to/from the glomerulus
41
If GFR is too high?
-blood pressure goes up -efferent arteriole dilates -afferent arteriole constricts *decrease GFR* | in autoregulation to/from the glomerulus